Table 2.

The molecular mechanisms of ACNs in nicotine-induced NSCLC treatment.

Study Type	NSCLC Cell Type	Extract/Compound	Concentrations	Activity	Mechanisms of Action	Reference
In vitro	A549	Vitis coignetiae Pulliat	200 µg/mL	Anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic, anti-migration	MMP2/9, cyclin D1, C-myc, COX-2, VEGF↓	[60]
In vitro	A549	Morus alba L.	25, 50, and 100 µM	Anti-migration, anti-invasive	MMP2, c-Jun, C-fos, NF-kB↓	[61]
In vitro	A549, H1299	Cyanidin-3-glucoside	5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µM	Anti-proliferative, anti-migration, anti-invasive, apoptosis	TP53I3 andPI3K/Akt/mTOR↓	[62]
In vitro/vivo	A549, H441, SK-MES-1	Delphinidin	5–100 µM (in vitro) 1, 2 mg PC/kg bodyweight (in vivo)	Inhibition of tumor growth, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, apoptosis	EGFR, Bcl-2, PCNA, cyclin D1, VEGFA, Akt/PI3K/MAPK↓ Bax, caspase-3/9↑	[63]
In vitro/vivo	A549	Delphinidin	10, 20, and 40 µM (in vitro) 80 µM (in vivo)	Anti-angiogenic	EGF, CoCl2, HIF-1α, ERK, VEGF mRNA, Akt/mTOR/PI3K/p70S6K↓	[64]
In vitro/vivo	A549, H1299	Bilberry and blueberry	3.125–12.5 µM (in vitro) 1.5 mg PC/kg bodyweight (in vivo)	Anti-metastatic, anti-invasive, apoptosis, cell cyclearrest	TNFα-induced NF-kB, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, cyclinD1/B1, VEGF, p-ERK, bcl-2, MMP9 ↓	[65]
In vitro	A549	Syzygium cumini L.	2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 25 µM	Anti-proliferative	NA	[66]

(↑) increase, (↓) decrease, NA; not mentioned.