Table 3.
The molecular mechanisms of PCs and ACNs in combination with radiotherapy/chemotherapy in nicotine-induced NSCLC treatment.
| Study Type | NSCLC Cell Type | Extract/Compound | Concentrations | Activity | Mechanisms of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | A549 | Cinnamomi Cortex | 100–300 µg/mL | Anti-proliferative | Nrf2↓ | [67] |
| In vitro/In vivo | A549 | Grape seed | 20 µg/mL (in vitro) 2 mg PC/kg bodyweight (in vivo) |
Anti-inflammation, apoptosis | ROS, IL-6, IFN-γ↓ P53, p-JNK, MAPK↑ |
[68] |
| In vitro | A549 | Delphinidin | 10, 20, and 50 µM | Apoptosis, autophagy | p-ERK1/2↓, caspase-3, LC3, p-JNK, MAPK ↑ |
[69] |
| In vitro | A549 | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 1, 10, 20, and 50 µM | Apoptosis, autophagy | CLDN2, p-Akt↓, P38 MAPK↑ |
[70] |
(↑) increase; (↓) decrease.