Table 3.
Histopathologic findings of myocardial tissue.
| Reference | Age/Sex | Influenza Type | Sampling | Histopathology |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jiménez-Méndez et al. (2019) [26] | 35 M | Influenza A | EMB | Minimal inflammatory infiltrate, CD3-positive cells |
| Lefeuvre et al. (2018) [2] | 14 F | Influenza A (H3N2) | Autopsy | Myocardial necrosis with contraction bands and interstitial edema with an abundant mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate |
| Roto et al. (2018) [31] | 57 F | Influenza B | Autopsy | Myocardial necrosis with infiltration of CD3-positive lymphocytes |
| Siskin et al. (2017) [34] | 22 F | Influenza B | EMB | Myocardial necrosis through complement-mediated cellular injury without evidence of interstitial infiltrates |
| Davidovic et al (2016) [39] | 19 M | Influenza A (H1N1) | Autopsy | Extensive zones of necrosis with degenerative cardiomyocytes and inflammatory neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate |
| Lee et al. (2012) [48] | 8 F | Influenza A (H1N1) | Autopsy | Widespread contraction band myofiber necrosis with increased interstitial cellularity (mostly CD68-positive monocytes and CD8-positive T lymphocytes and no eosinophils) |
| Kumar et al. (2011) [18] | 17 F | Influenza A (H1N1) | Tissue sampling at the time of VAD placement | Extensive myocyte necrosis with the confirmation of viral particles by electron microscopy |
| Khouzam et al (2011) [50] | 36 M | Influenza A (H1N1) | Autopsy | Myocardial interstitium exhibited edema and an inflammatory infiltrate, rich in lymphocytes and macrophages |
| Frank et al. (2010) [54] | 5 F | Influenza B | Autopsy | Moderate interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes, as well as neutrophils and eosinophils, were found. Influenza B RNA was detected in cardiac tissue |
| Puzelli et al. (2010) [56]. | 11 F | Influenza A (H1N1) | Autopsy | Mild inflammation, modest infiltration of histiocytes (CD68-positive), and myocellular necrosis |
| Gerberding et al. (2004) [64] | 18 M | Influenza A | Autopsy | Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and a patchy lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in perivascular areas associated with interstitial edema. Focal contraction-band myocyte necrosis and scattered intravascular fibrin thrombi |
| Tabbutt et al (2004) [65] | 4 F | Influenza B | EMB | Mildly congested myocardium, with interstitial fibrosis and rare lymphocytes. Electron microscopy showed mildly pleomorphic mitochondria and the absence of viral inclusions |
| Takehana et al. (2003) [66] | 75 M | Influenza A | Autopsy | Marked inflammatory cell infiltration, mainly composed of mononuclear cells, with myocardial degeneration and necrosis, and interstitial edema |
| McGovern et al. (2002) [68] | 30 F | Influenza A | Tissue sampling at the time of VAD placement | Focal interstitial fibrosis, diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate |
| Nolte et al. (2000) [69] | 11 F | Influenza A (H3N2) | Autopsy | Transmural, sparse, patchy infiltrates of lymphocytes and neutrophils associated with myocyte necrosis and nuclear debris |
Legend: EMB—Endomyocardial biopsy; VAD—Ventricular assist device.