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. 2022 Jul 14;10(7):1428. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10071428

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Microbiota–gut–heart axis. Through the gut microbiota and heart communication axis, ID may trigger or exacerbate heart diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, CAD, and even heart failure. In this case, ID favors the presence of bacteria that produce toxic metabolites, such as TMA, TMAO, indoxyl sulfate, and other endotoxins, which are responsible for the detrimental relationship between gut and heart. On the other hand, a balanced gut microbiota favors the production of SCFAs, bile acids, and other compounds that promote homeostatic processes in the heart: CAD, coronary artery disease; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids. Created with Biorender.com.