Table 3.
Effect of probiotics and prebiotics in mouse models and clinical trials in lung diseases.
| Study Model | Treatment | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| COPD model in C57BL/6 mice | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium breve | Decreased inflammatory microenvironment in lung; reduction in alveolar enlargement and collagen deposition | [199] |
| Emphysema model in C57BL/6 mice | Cellulose and citrus pectin supplement | Beneficial modification of the intestinal microbiota and the metabolomic profile; decrease in the severity of emphysema progression | [200] |
| COPD model C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice | Parabacteroides goldsteinnii MTS01 | Normalized lung function; decrease in IL-1β and TNFα expression in lung tissue and colon | [201] |
| Prospective cohort study in women with COPD | Total dietary fiber | Inverse association between total dietary fiber intake and the risk of COPD development | [202] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with COPD | Multistrain probiotic: “Vivomix 112 billion” | Improvement in muscle strength and functional performance in COPD patients by reducing intestinal permeability and stabilizing the neuromuscular junction | [203] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in infants with atopic dermatitis | Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and a galacto/fructooligosaccharide mixture (Immunofortis®) | Prevention of asthma-like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis; decreased prevalence of frequent wheezing and noisy breathing | [204] |
| Ovalbumin-induced asthma model in Wistar rats | Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 | Decrease in eosinophil infiltration, IL-4, IL-5, and IgE levels; increase in IgA, MUC-2, and claudin expression in intestine; normalization of the intestinal morphological alterations | [205] |
| Prenatal asthma risk model in pregnant BALB/c mice | Bifidobacterium breve M-16V | Decrease in eosinophil infiltration, IL-5, and IL-13 expression in neonatal mice; reduced lung inflammation in neonatal mice | [206] |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in infants with asthma risk | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG | No improvement was found | [207] |
| Retrospective cohort study in adults with severe COVID-19 pneumonia | Probiotic mix Sivomixx®, composed of: Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 32245, Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32246, Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32247, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 32241, Lactobacillus helveticus DSM 32242, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DSM 32243, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 32244, and Levilactobacillus brevis DSM 27961 | Improvement in survival rate of pneumonia | [208] |
| Retrospective cohort study in hospitalized adults by COVID-19 | Probiotic mix Sivomixx®, composed of: Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 32245, Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32246, Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32247, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 32241, Lactobacillus helveticus DSM 32242, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DSM 32243, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 32244, and Levilactobacillus brevis DSM 27961 | Lower risk of respiratory failure development with resuscitation support; improvement in COVID-19-related signs and symptoms | [209] |