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. 2022 Jul 14;10(7):1428. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10071428

Table 4.

Murine models and clinical trials on the use of probiotics in CVD.

Study Model Treatment Effect Ref.
ApoE−/− mice fed with high-fat diet Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 Prevention of atherosclerosis development [258]
ApoE−/− mice fed with high-fat diet Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus Reduction in atherosclerotic plaques and vascular inflammation [259]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in obese postmenopausal women Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Levilactobacillus brevis W63, Lacticaseibacillus casei W56, Ligilactobacillus salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19, and Lactococcus lactis W58 Decreased BP, VEGF, IL-6, TNFα, and thrombomodulin [260]
Randomized, controlled clinical trial in subjects with metabolic syndrome Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota No improvement found [261]
Clinical trial in men with CAD Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v Improvement in vascular function; decrease in I-8, IL-12, and leptin; increase in propionate [262]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in CAD patients Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v Decrease in BP, leptin, IL-6, and fibrinogen levels [263]
Rats with coronary artery occlusion Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GR-1 Attenuation of left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure [264]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with heart failure Saccharomyces boulardii Improvement in cardiovascular function; reduction in inflammatory markers [265]