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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Intern Med. 2022 Mar 8;175(5):644–655. doi: 10.7326/M21-3086

Table 1.

Characteristics of ICU hospitalizations contributed by older adults for each outcome by dual-eligible status.

Characteristic* Function Cognition Mental Health
Dual-eligible Non-dual-eligible Dual-eligible Non-dual-eligible Dual-eligible Non-dual-eligible
Sample n 130 511 80 378 108 411
Weighted n 658,095 3,109,600 409,991 2,381,242 544,373 2,574,141
Age, mean (SD), years 80.9 (7.7) 81.0 (7.1) 79.2 (7.7) 80.2 (7.1) 80.7 (8.0) 80.4 (7.0)
Age groups by years, no. (%)
 65–74 27 (20.8) 102 (20.0) 22 (27.5) 87 (23.0) 25 (23.1) 91 (22.1)
 75–79 28 (21.5) 115 (22.5) 22 (27.5) 91 (24.1) 24 (22.2) 97 (23.6)
 80–84 34 (26.2) 126 (24.7) 17 (21.2) 89 (23.5) 25 (23.2) 98 (23.8)
 85–89 22 (16.9) 101 (19.8) 10 (12.5) 70 (18.5) 16 (14.8) 81 (19.7)
 ≥ 90 19 (14.6) 67 (13.1) 9 (11.2) 41 (10.8) 18 (16.7) 44 (10.7)
Female, no. (%) 85 (65.4) 244 (47.7) 54 (67.5) 192 (50.8) 74 (68.5) 202 (49.2)
Race, no. (%)
 Non-Hispanic White 56 (43.1) 401 (78.5) 36 (45.0) 300 (79.4) 44 (40.7) 326 (79.3)
 Non-Hispanic Black 49 (37.7) 85 (16.6) 31 (38.8) 62 (16.4) 42 (38.9) 69 (16.8)
 Hispanic 16 (12.3) 13 (2.5) 8 (10.0) 8 (2.1) 15 (13.9) 8 (2.0)
 Others 9 (6.9) 12 (2.4) 5 (6.2) 8 (2.1) 7 (6.5) 8 (2.0)
Education, no. (%)
 Less than high school 77 (59.2) 108 (21.2) 43 (53.8) 73 (19.3) 63 (58.3) 81 (19.7)
Living Situation, no. (%)
 Lives alone 61 (46.9) 171 (33.5) 45 (56.2) 123 (32.6) 51 (47.2) 135 (32.9)
Rural residence, no. (%) 45 (34.6) 129 (25.2) 29 (36.2) 96 (25.4) 38 (35.2) 102 (24.8)
Multimorbidity ≥ 3 chronic conditions, no. (%) 98 (75.4) 332 (65.0) 60 (75.0) 240 (63.5) 80 (74.1) 263 (64.0)
Frequency of self-reported chronic conditions, no. (%)
 Diabetes 55 (42.6) 176 (34.5) 32 (40.5) 137 (36.2) 41 (38.3) 146 (35.5)
 Hypertension 108 (83.1) 409 (80.0) 69 (86.2) 302 (79.9) 92 (85.2) 328 (79.8)
 Stroke 14 (10.8) 35 (6.9) 7 (8.8) 21 (5.6) 13 (12.0) 24 (5.8)
 Heart disease 64 (50.0) 191 (37.8) 39 (48.8) 143 (38.0) 51 (47.2) 152 (37.2)
 Arthritis 108 (83.1) 356 (69.7) 66 (82.5) 261 (69.0) 89 (82.4) 284 (69.1)
 Heart attack 23 (17.7) 55 (10.8) 15 (18.8) 39 (10.3) 20 (18.5) 41 (10.0)
 Osteoporosis 41 (31.5) 134 (26.2) 28 (35.0) 97 (25.7) 37 (34.3) 111 (27.0)
 Lung disease 42 (32.8) 137 (26.8) 25 (31.6) 104 (27.5) 31 (29.0) 111 (27.0)
 Non-skin cancer 19 (14.7) 99 (19.4) 13 (16.2) 71 (18.8) 16 (14.8) 75 (18.3)
Primary Discharge Diagnosis for Index Admission
 Infectious 20 (15.4) 76 (14.9) 12 (15.0) 50 (13.2) 19 (17.6) 57 (13.9)
 Endocrine, metabolic, or electrolyte disorders 6 (4.6) 8 (1.6) 4 (5.0) 7 (1.8) 5 (4.6) 7 (1.7)
 Neurologic 15 (11.5) 51 (10.0) 9 (11.2) 37 (9.8) 12 (11.1) 44 (10.7)
 Cardiovascular 43 (33.1) 217 (42.5) 28 (35.0) 173 (45.8) 37 (34.3) 183 (44.5)
 Respiratory 14 (10.8) 33 (6.5) 7 (8.8) 18 (4.8) 8 (7.4) 19 (4.6)
 Gastrointestinal 15 (11.5) 52 (10.2) 12 (15.0) 44 (11.6) 13 (12.0) 47 (11.4)
 Renal 6 (4.6) 8 (1.6) 1 (1.2) 6 (1.6) 4 (3.7) 6 (1.5)
 Musculoskeletal 6 (4.6) 29 (5.7) 3 (3.8) 21 (5.6) 6 (5.6) 23 (5.6)
 Hematologic/oncologic 5 (3.8) 37 (7.2) 4 (5.0) 22 (5.8) 4 (3.7) 25 (6.1)
Frailty (Range 0–5), Median (IQR) 3.0 (2.0,4.0) 2.0 (1.0,3.0) 2.0 (1.0,3.0) 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) 3.0 (2.0,4.0) 1.0 (1.0,2.0)
Pre-ICU count of disabilities**(Range 0–6), Median (IQR) 1.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,1.0) 0.0 (0.0,1.0) 0.0 (0.0,0.0) 1.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,1.0)
Pre-ICU PHQ-4†† (Range 0–11), Median (IQR) 4.0 (1.0,6.0) 1.0 (0.0,3.0) 3.0 (1.0, 6.0) 1.0 (0.0,3.0) 3.5 (1.0,6.0) 1.0 (0.0,3.0)
Pre-ICU PHQ-2 (Range 0–6)‡‡, Median (IQR) 2.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,2.0) 2.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,2.0) 2.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,2.0)
Pre-ICU GAD-2 (Range 0–6)§§, Median (IQR) 2.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,1.0) 1.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,1.0) 2.0 (0.0,3.0) 0.0 (0.0,1.0)
Pre-ICU Dementia Status, no. (%)
 No Dementia 70 (53.8) 387 (75.7) 58 (72.5) 319 (84.4) 57 (52.8) 317 (77.1)
 Possible Dementia 23 (17.7) 67 (13.1) 22 (27.5) 59 (15.6) 22 (20.4) 59 (14.4)
 Probable Dementia 37 (28.5) 57 (11.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 29 (26.8) 35 (8.5)
Time interval between pre-ICU NHATS interview and ICU hospitalization, Median (IQR), days 195.0 (115.0, 301.0) 170.0 (93.0, 270.0) 220.5 (137.0, 316.0) 189.0 (110.0, 279.0) 212.0 (128.5, 316.0) 189.0 (109.0, 279.0)
ICU Length of Stay§, Median (IQR), days 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) 2.0 (1.0, 4.0)
Hospital Length of Stay§, Median (IQR), days 6.0 (3.0,10.0) 6.0 (3.0,9.0) 6.0 (3.0,10.0) 5.0 (3.0,8.0) 6.0 (3.0,10.0) 5.0 (3.0,8.0)
Mechanical ventilation, no. (%) 11 (8.5) 48 (9.4) 4 (5.0) 32 (8.5) 6 (5.6) 35 (8.5)
Time interval between ICU hospitalization and post-ICU NHATS interview, Median (IQR), days 171.50 (85.0, 252.0) 191.0 (108.0, 269.0) 133.5 (71.0, 208.5) 174.0 (97.0, 257.0) 146.5 (68.0, 229.0) 174.0 (98.0, 255.0)

Abbreviations: ICU = Intensive Care Unit, SD = Standard Deviation, CI = Confidence Interval, IQR = Interquartile Range, PHQ-4 = 4-item screening questionnaire for depression and anxiety or Patient Health Questionnaire-4, PHQ-2 = 2-item screening questionnaire for Depression or Patient Health Questionnaire-2, GAD-2 = 2-item screening questionnaire for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Pre-ICU refers to values obtained from the NHATS assessment prior to ICU hospitalization.

The unit of observation is ICU hospitalization.

*

Values represent characteristics for the unweighted sample.

Includes American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and other race as self-reported in the NHATS interview.

Multimorbidity was defined as ≥ 3 of 9 self-reported chronic conditions (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, heart disease, arthritis, heart attack, osteoporosis, lung disease, and non-skin cancer)

§

Ascertained from hospitalization record in linked Medicare claims data.

Ascertained from linked Medicare claims data using ICD-9 CM (96.7x) and ICD-10-PCS (5A1935Z,5A1945Z,5A1955Z) codes for mechanical ventilation

The frailty score is derived from the composite of 1 point for each of the five frailty criteria (range 0–5)– weight loss, muscle weakness, exhaustion, slow gait speed, and low physical activity.

**

Count of disabilities was characterized as the need for help or inability to perform four activities of daily living (eating, bathing, using the toilet, and dressing) and three mobility activities (getting outside, getting around inside one’s home, getting out of bed). Participants with maximal score of 7/7 in the pre-ICU interview were excluded, hence the range from 0–6.

††

PHQ-4 score was the sum of the responses to all four items in the screening for depression and anxiety questionnaire, the measure for our outcome of mental health. Response for each question ranged from 0–3; the total score ranged from 0–12. Participants with maximal score of 12/12 in the pre-ICU interview were excluded.

‡‡

PHQ-2 score was the sum of the responses to two items in the screening for depression questionnaire. Response for each question ranged from 0–3; the total score ranged from 0–6.

§§

GAD-2 score was the sum of the responses to two items in the screening for anxiety questionnaire. Response for each question ranged from 0–3; the total score ranged from 0–6.