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. 2022 Jul 19;14(14):2955. doi: 10.3390/nu14142955

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Schematic summary of potential mechanism of action for the hesperidin effect on exercise-induced inflammation. (A) Exhaustive exercise leads to macrophage activation, which activates an acute inflammatory response characterized by increases in circulatory and intramuscular inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Without adequate post-exercise/competition recovery periods, an excessive inflammatory response could lead to impaired muscle contractions and force generation. (B) Hesperidin shows the potential to inhibit macrophage activation and recruitment and decrease markers of exercise-induced inflammation, potentially speeding up the recovery process and, therefore, improving exercise performance. The figure was created with BioRender.com. Abbreviations: CRP = C-reactive protein; HES = hesperidin; IL-1β = interleukin-1beta; IL-6 = interleukin-6; TNF-α = tumour necrosis factor-alpha; Increased: ↑; Decreased: ↓.