Table 3.
Studies investigating the effects of hesperidin on endothelial function markers in human studies.
| Author, Year, Country |
Sample Characteristics (Study Design) |
Intervention Characteristics |
Intervention Duration |
Endothelial Function Outcomes (Hesperidin vs. Control Groups) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Morand et al.
[94]
2011 France |
n = 24 healthy males Age = 56 (1) y BMI = 27.4 (0.3) kg/m2 (RCT) |
292 mg hesperidin/day | Acute (6 h before test) | ↑microvascular reactivity |
| Chronic (4 weeks) | ↓DBP =sICAM-1 =sVCAM-1 =NOx, trend for improvement |
|||
|
Valls et al.
[95]
2021 Spain |
n = 159 subjects with pre- or stage 1 hypertension Age = 19–67 y BMI = 18.5–40.5 kg/m2 (RTC) |
600 mg hesperidin/day | Acute (6 h before test) | ↑IRH |
| Chronic (12 weeks) | ↑IRH | |||
|
Takumi et al.
[80]
2011 Japan |
n = 10 healthy female subjects Age = 18–22 y (RTC) |
17 mg or 170 mg hesperidin | Acute (test within 70 min after intake) | ↓drop in blood flow Comment: while subjects stayed in an air-conditioned room; significant drop in both INT dosages |
|
Schar et al.
[96]
2015 UK |
n = 16 men at moderate CVD riskAge = 60.6 (8.4) y BMI = 25.6 (0.8) kg/m2 (RCT) |
320 mg hesperidin | Acute (5 h before test) | =P-selectin expression = BP =Cardiac BRS |
|
Buscemi et al.
[97]
2012 Italy |
n = 21 with increased cardiovascular risk Age = 19–67 y BMI = 18.5–40.5 kg/m2 (RCT) |
159.5 mg/day hesperidin | Chronic (7 days) | ↑FMD |
|
Rizza et al.
[71]
2011 Italy |
n = 24 with MetS Age = 52 (2) BMI = 34.7 (1.5) kg/m2 (RCT) |
500 mg/day hesperidin | Chronic (3 weeks) | ↑FMD =VCAM-1 |
|
Salden et al.
[98]
2016 The Netherlands |
n = 48 subjects with baseline FMD ≥3% Age = 53 (14) y BMI = 29 (2.6) kg/m2 (RTC) |
450 mg/day hesperidin | Chronic (6 weeks) | ↑FMD ↓sVCAM-1 ↓sICAM-1 |
|
Yari et al.
[75]
2020 Iran |
n = 49 subjects with MetSAge = 45.1 (11.1) y BMI = 31.3 (4.9) kg/m2 (RCT) |
1 g/day hesperidin | Chronic (12 weeks) | ↓SBP |
↑: statistically significant increase; ↓: statistically significant decrease; = no significant change; data are presented as mean ± SD or as a range. Abbreviations: Aus = arbitrary units (log); BMI = body max index (kg/m2); BRS = baroreflex sensitivity; BP = blood pressure; CON = control; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FDM = flow-mediated dilation; INT = intervention; IRH = ischaemic reactive hyperaemia; MetS = metabolic syndrome; Nox = nitric oxide metabolites; RCT = randomized controlled trial; SBP = systolic blood pressure; sICAM-1 = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; sVCAM-1 = soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.