Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study type | Country | Study | Year | Sub-groups (N) | Controls (N) | HPV types (N) | Age (year) | Sample collection (site) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-control | England | Mitra et al. (23) | 2015 | LSIL (52) HSIL (92) Ca (5) |
20 | HPV+: 93 | 18-45 | posterior vaginal fornix |
| Case-control | USA | Laniewski et al. (24) | 2018 | HPV+ (31) LSIL (12) HSIL (27) Ca (10) |
20 | HR-HPV+: 73 LR-HPV+: 7 |
Control: 39.55 ± 7.35 HPV+: 37.64 ± 9.38 LSIL: 35.08 ± 7.24 HSIL: 38.29 ± 8.46 Ca: 38.90 ± 9.09 |
vaginal swabs |
| Case-control | China | Chao et al. (16) | 2019 | HPV+ (65) | 86 | HR-HPV+: 65 | 20-65 | posterior vaginal fornix |
| Case-control | China | Yang et al. (25) | 2020 | HPV16 + (25) | 27 | HPV16 +.: 25 | 25-50 | near the vaginal fornix and cervix |
| Case-control | China | Liu et al. (26) | 2020 | HPV persistence (48) HPV transience (43) |
31 | NR | NR | vaginal secretions |
| Case-control | China | Chao et al. (27) | 2020 | HPV persistence (59) HPV transience (139) |
131 | HPV16/18 +.: 79 HPV others +: 121 NA: 7 |
20-69 | posterior vaginal fornix |
| Case-control | China | Chen et al. (28) | 2020 | HPV+ (78) LSIL (51) HSIL (23) Ca (9) |
68 | HPV16/18 +: 22 HPV other 12 +: 36 LR-HPV+: 92 |
25-69 | lateral and posterior fornix |
| Case-control | China | Cheng et al. (29) | 2020 | LSIL (26) HSIL (40) Ca (32) |
33 | HR-HPV+: 98 | 21-65 | vaginal fornix or the middle side of the vagina |
| Case-control | Korea | Lee et al. (30) | 2020 | ≤LSIL (24) ≥HSIL (42) |
– | HPV+: 48 HPV16/18 +: 24 |
45.1 ± 11.7 | posterior vaginal fornix |
| Case-control | China | Xie et al. (31) | 2020 | CIN (30) Ca (30) |
30 | HPV16/18 +: 32 HPV others +: 10 HPV-: 3 |
25-39 | posterior vaginal fornix |
| Case-control | China | Wu et al. (32) | 2020 | LSIL
a
(22) HSIL a (16) |
31 (NILM) | HPV+:21 HR-HPV: 34 HPV-: 14 |
16-50 | posterior vaginal fornix |
| Case-control | China | Wei et al. (15) | 2021 | HPV+ (30) | 30 | HR-HPV+: 30 | 20-49 | mid-vagina |
| Case-control | Mexico | Nieves-Ramírez et al. (33) | 2021 | LSIL (90) HSIL (31) |
107 | HPV+: 156 HPV-: 72 |
all: ≥ 21 sil:37.26 ± 10.87 normal:42.83± 7.92 |
vaginal exudate |
| Case-control | Korea | Kang et al. (34) | 2021 | HSIL (8) Ca (8) |
7 | HPV+: 15 HPV16/18 +: 5 |
Controls: 47.4 ± 5.38 HSIL: 43.4 ± 12.8 Ca: 47 ± 10.2 |
vaginal swabs |
| Case-control | China | Chao et al. (35) | 2021 | HPV+ (86) HSIL (83) |
103 | HPV16/18 +: 63 HPV others +: 90 |
20-72 | posterior vaginal fornix |
| Case-control | China | Fan et al. (19) | 2021 | Ca (65) | 54 (HPV+: 47) | HPV+: 63 HPV-: 2 |
Ca: 48.65 ± 6.873 Controls: 46.81 ± 8.15 |
vaginal samples |
| Case-control | China | Mei et al. (36) | 2022 | HPV persistence (28) HPV clearance (30) |
42 | HR-HPV+: 58 HR-HPV-: 42 |
21-64 | mid-vaginal secretion samples |
| cross-sectional | Nigeria | Dareng et al. (37) | 2016 | 278 | HR-HPV+: 66 (HIV +: 53, 81.5%) HR-HPV-:212 (HIV +: 98 (49.7%) |
≥ 18 | mid-vaginal | |
| cross-sectional | Sweden | Cheng et al. (38) | 2020 | 257 | HPV+: 144 HPV-: 113 |
14-29 | vaginal swabs | |
| cross-sectional | China | Lin et al. (39) | 2022 | 448 (sub-samples: 23 HPV+ vs 5 HPV-) | HR-HPV+: 164 HR-HPV-: 34 |
20-74 | upper third of vaginal walls | |
| Longitudinal (prior to local excision) |
UK | Mitra et al. (40) | 2021 | LSIL (15) HSIL (88) |
39 (NILM) | NA | 18-45 | vaginal swab |
| Longitudinal (prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy) |
China | Wang et al. (18) | 2021 | Ca (26) | 40 | HPV16/18 +: 17 HPV others +: 1 HPV-: 8 |
Ca: 53.38 (48.00~58.75) Controls: 50.00 (44~54.50) |
vaginal samples |
a
classified by cervical cytology; NILM, negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; LSIL, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions; HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions; Ca, cervical cancer; HPV, human papillomavirus; HR-HPV, high-risk HPV infection; LR-HPV, low-risk HPV infection; HPV+, HPV-positive women; HPV-, HPV-negative women. NA, not available; NR, not reported.