Figure 1.

The three subscales of SNAP-IV (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and opposition scores) of children with ADHD and with atopic disease (ADHD+ Allergy+ group, n = 41), children with ADHD and without allergy (ADHD+ Allergy− group, n = 74), children without ADHD and with allergy (ADHD− Allergy+ group, n = 23), and children without ADHD and without allergy (ADHD− Allergy− group, n = 49). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare clinical symptoms among the four groups of children, with age and gender as covariates. The three subscales of SNAP-IV (inattention: F₃₂₁₉ = 62.34, p < 0.001; hyperactivity/impulsivity: F₃₂₁₉ = 42.02, p < 0.001; and opposition scores: F₃₂₁₉ = 22.20, p < 0.001) showed significant group differences. *** p < 0.001 for post-hoc between group comparison.