Table 1.

Current reports of using nanovesicles for dermal and transdermal delivery of biomacromolecules.

Nanocarrier	Composition	Particle Size/ζ-Potential	Cargo	Indication	Ref.
Gold nanoparticle	AuNPs in Pluronic F-127 gel	190~208 nm/+30~ +45 mV	PGT DsiRNA	Diabetic wound-healing	[97]
	AuNPs with PEI and TAT conjugation	199 ± 7.76 nm/16.81 ± 0.56 mV	pDNAs encoding microRNA-221 inhibitor gene	Melanoma	[98]
	AuNPs modified with thiolated siRNA and PEG coating	12.38 ± 1.59 nm/~28 mV before coating	EGFR siRNA	Psoriasis	[99]
	AuNPs modified with thiolated siRNA and thiolated oligoethylene glycol	28 ± 3 nm/-	GM3S siRNA	Diabetic wound-healing	[100]
	AuNPs with PEI and LL37 coating	7.6 ± 0.9 nm/36.8 ± 2.3mV	pDNA encoding VEGF	Diabetic wound-healing	[101]
	AuNP-CONH-VEGF	11.2nm ± 0.1 nm/-	VEGF	Wound healing	[102]
	AuNP-CONH-KGF	65.7 nm/− 34.9 mV	KGF	Wound healing	[103]
	AuNPs	11.6 nm/18.3 mV	HRP, β-gal, OVA	-	[104]
	AuNP-PEG- Esc(1-21)	~14 nm/−35.58 mV	Antimicrobial peptide Esc(1-21)	Antipseudomonal wound healing	[105]
Carbon nanotube	PEI functionalized carbon nanotubes	-/40~60 mV	BRAF siRNA	Melanoma	[106]
Mesoporous silica nanoparticle	Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with poly-L-lysine coating	200 nm/−34 mV	TGFβR-1 siRNA	Facile skin cancer	[107]
Nanostructured lipid carrier	0.5% glycerol distearate, 0.25% oleic acid, 0.25% PEI, 1.0% Poloxamer 407, and pH7.4 phosphate buffer	230 nm/+10 mV	TNFα siRNA	Psoriasis	[108]
	DOTAP/sodium cholate/coiled-coil protein = 60:10:7	174.22 ± 8.71 nm/34.5 ± 1.7 mV	Keap1 siRNA	Diabetic wound-healing	[109]
	Elastic liposomes. DOTAP/DOPE/Cholesterol = 6:4.2:1.8(w/w/w)	147.7 ± 31.9 nm/46.7 ± 13.4 mV	antagomiR-203 or SOCS3 siRNA	Psoriasis	[110]
	Elastic liposomes. Soya phosphatidylcholine/span 80 = 86:14 (w/w)	122 ± 9.2 nm/-	P. falciparum surface antigen, MSP-119	Malaria vaccine	[17]
	Elastic liposomes. Soya phosphatidylcholine/span 80 = 86:14 (w/w)	123.8 ± 51.31 nm/9.36 mV	Recombinant fusion protein PfMSP-Fu24	Malaria vaccine	[111]
	Elastic liposomes. HPC/cholesterol/DOTAP = 8:4:1 (molar ratio)	107 ± 0.757nm/56.5 ± 1.13mV	Growth factors fused with low-molecular-weight protamine	Diabetic wound-healing	[5]
	SECosomes. DOTAP/DOPE/NaChol = 6:1:1(w/w/w), rehydrated in 30% ethanol	172 nm/44 mV	DEFB4 siRNA	Psoriasis	[112]
	Deformable cationic liposomes. Octadecylamine/cholesterol = 10:1	208.5 ± 11.5 nm/-	pDNA encoding HBsAg	Hepatitis B vaccination	[113]
	Niosomes. Span85/cholesterol = 7:3	2.3 ± 0.15 μm/-	pDNA encoding HBsAg	Hepatitis B vaccination	[114]
	Ethosomes. DOTAP/cholesterol = 5:1, with SPACE modification	108.4 ± 3.4nm/49.1 ± 0.6mV	GAPDH-siRNA-SPACE conjugate	-	[115]
	Pyrrolidinium lipid/1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-snglycero-3-phosphocholine/DOPE/DSPE-PEG2000 = 1:2:2:0.2	102 ± 6 nm/32.14 ± 6.21 mV	STAT3 siRNA and TNFα siRNA	Psoriasis	[116]
	Lipidoid 306O13/DSPC/cholesterol/C14-PEG = 50:10:38.5:1.5ao	110 nm/-	TNFα siRNA	Diabetic wound-healing	[117]
	DOPC and cholesterol-conjugated oligonucleotides	21 ± 2 nm	IL17RA gapmer antisense oligonucleotide	Psoriasis	[11]
	Poloxamer 188/Tween 80/Precirol® ATO 5/Miglyol® 812 N (1:2:10:1)	273.6 ± 27.64 nm/~31.63 ± 1.9 mV	Antimicrobial peptide LL37	Wound healing	[118]
	Lipidic blend containing Precirol® ATO 5/Miglyol® 182 (10:1), emulsified with 0.67% (w/v) Poloxamer and 1.33% (w/v) polysorbate 80	335 nm/-27 mV	Recombinant human epidermal growth factor	Wound healing	[119]
Hybrid lipid–polymer nanoparticle	Inner PLGA core coated with cyclic head lipid/DOPC/DSPE-PEG2000(4.0/4.5/1.5, molar ratio)	163 ± 9 nm/35.14 ± 8.23 mV	TNFα siRNA	Skin inflammation	[120]
	2.0% of Compritol® 888 ATO (lipid), 1.5% of poloxamer 188 and 0.1% of the cationic polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride)	142 nm/+25 mV	TNFα siRNA	Psoriasis	[121]
Liquid crystalline nanodispersion	MO:OA:PEI:Aqueous phase(Tris-HCl) = 8:2:1:89 or 8:1:0.5:90.5 (w/w/w/w)	220 nm/1 mV or 170 nm/− 2 mV	TyRP-1 siRNA	Vitiligo	[122]
	MO/OA/PEI/aqueous phase 8/2/1/89 w/w/w/w, functionalized with TAT	310 ± 8 nm/1.19 ± 0.27 mV	TNFα siRNA	Inflammation	[123]
	MO/OA/poloxamer/aqueous phase 8:2:0.9:89.1 w/w/w/w	181.77 ± 1.08 nm/-	Cyclosporin A	-	[124]
	MO/OA/PEI/aqueous phase 8/2/1/89 w/w/w/w	215.4 ± 7.9 nm/0.7 ± 1.0 mV	IL-6 siRNA	Psoriasis	[125]
	Poloxamer 407 containing 0.5% liquid crystalline gel (glycerol monooleate/water 70:30)	~130 nm/+3~ +11 mV	Antimicrobial peptide LL37	Wound healing	[126]
Dendrimer	TAT-conjugated PAMAM	106 nm/+45 mV	pDNA encoding GFP	DNA vaccine	[127]
Non-ionic colloidal carrier system	DMSO/IPM/Tween 80/Span 20 (0.45/2.5/0.3/0.2, v/v/v/v)	100.6 ± 28.3 nm/-	Insulin	Diabetes	[128]
SAMiRNA (self-assembled micelle)	PEG and hydrocarbon conjugation at each end of unmodified oligonucleotides	<100 nm/neutral	Dual-conjugated DNA/RNA heteroduplex	Androgenetic alopecia	[129]
Polysaccharide nanoparticles	Panax quinquefolium polysaccharide	20 nm/-	Panax quinquefolium polysaccharide	UVB-induced skin cancer	[130]
Ginsenoside nanoparticles	Ginsenosides/insulin (25:1, w/w) self-assembly	165.5 ± 0.6 nm/-	Insulin	Diabetes	[131]