Autophagy inhibitors affect responses to radiation and interrupt DNA repair. (A). M059K and M059J cells were exposed to 4 Gy and the extent of γ-H2AX formation was evaluated by performing flow cytometry at 0, 30 min, 3, 6, 24, and 72 h. (B). M059K cells were pretreated with Bafilomycin A1 (50 nM) or 3-MA (5 mM) to inhibit autophagy and monitored γ-H2AX formation in irradiated cells at 0, 30 min, 3, 6, 24, and 72 h. (C). M059K cells were pretreated with Bafilomycin A1 (50 nM) and irradiated with 4 Gy on day 0 and counted on days 1, 3, and 5. (D). M059K cells were pretreated with 3-MA (5 mM) and irradiated with 4 Gy on day 0, and counted on days 1, 3, and 5. (E). M059J cells were pretreated with Bafilomycin A1 (50 nM) and irradiated with 4 Gy on day 0, and counted on days 1, 3, and 5. (F). M059J cells were pretreated with 3-MA (5 mM) and irradiated with 4 Gy on day 0, and counted on days 1, 3, and 5. Error bars represent standard error. For all these figures “control” indicates vehicle (DMSO)-treated cells that were not exposed to radiation, Baf, or 3-MA.