Figure 3.

Cladogram of the ε subunit of the α-proteobacterial F-ATP synthase. A total of 137 protein sequences of ε subunits from α-proteobacteria (red), other bacteria (blue), chloroplast ε subunit (green), and homologous mitochondrial δ subunits (yellow) were aligned, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed as detailed in the text. Green arrow: inhibitory ε subunits of bacteria and chloroplasts. Orange arrow: non-inhibitory ε and δ subunits of α-proteobacteria and mitochondria, respectively.