Table 2.
Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal-based infant and young children food in Europe (2014 –2021).
| Country | Sample | Mycotoxin | Total Samples |
Positive Samples | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Mean (µg/kg) | Range (µg/kg) | |||||
| Italy | Infant formulas and baby food | OTA | 75 | 20 | 0.06 | 0.050–0.120 | Juan et al., 2014 [42] |
| DON | 25.3 | 102.60 | 1–268 | ||||
| NIV | 4 | 19.91 | 5.5–235 | ||||
| FUS-X | 24 | 146.51 | 5.5–604 | ||||
| HT-2 | 2.7 | 12.65 | 2–151 | ||||
| β-ZOL | 6.7 | 2.5 | 2–23.2 | ||||
| ENB | 13.3 | 101.30 | 5–832 | ||||
| ENB1 | 1.3 | 7.80 | 5–117 | ||||
| ENB4 | 5.3 | 38.08 | 5–311 | ||||
| ENA1 | 4 | 6.58 | 5–125 | ||||
| BEA | 1.3 | 1.18 | 5–21.3 | ||||
| Portugal | Cereal baby food (maize, wheat, rice, barley, rye, oat, sorghum, millet, spelt) | DON | 9 | 44 | 173.13 | 0.37–270.57 | Pereira et al., 2015 [43] |
| 15AcDON | 11 | 30.94 | 2.50–30.94 | ||||
| T2-Tetrol | 11 | 112.18 | 10.48–112.18 | ||||
| NEO | 11 | 87.21 | 1.28–87.21 | ||||
| Portugal | Breakfast cereals for children (maize, wheat, rice, and multi-grain) | AFB1 | 26 | 0.028 | 0.040–0.400 | Assunção et al., 2015 [44] | |
| AFB2 | 0.002 | 0.030–0.300 | |||||
| AFG1 | 0.006 | 0.045–0.450 | |||||
| AFM1 | 0.012 | 0.100–1.000 | |||||
| OTA | 0.026 | 0.200–2.000 | |||||
| DON | 59 | 15–360 | |||||
| NIV | 6 | 25–360 | |||||
| FB1 | 13 | 2.5–8.0 | |||||
| FB2 | 3 | 2.5–8.0 | |||||
| Turkey | Baby food (cereal based supplementary foods for infants and children) | OTA | 50 | 68 | 0.034–0.374 | 0.042–0.380 | Hampikyan et al., 2015 [45] |
| Portugal | Children cereal-based food | PAT | 20 | 75 50 40 |
2.33 0.061 |
3.2–40.0 0.2–2.0 |
Assunção et al., 2016 [46] |
| Portugal | Breakfast cereals | AFB1 | 26 | 69 | 0.013 | 0.003–0.130 | Martins et al., 2018 [47] |
| AFB2 | 27 | 0.004 | 0.001–0.011 | ||||
| AFG1 | 4 | 0.013 | 0.006–0.014 | ||||
| AFM1 | 12 | 0.017 | 0.011–0.240 | ||||
| OTA | 69 | 0.040 | 0.006–0.100 | ||||
| FB1 | 58 | 12.5 | 0.06–67.0 | ||||
| FB2 | 38 | 4.2 | 0.12–14.0 | ||||
| DON | 62 | 91.5 | 0.4–207.8 | ||||
| NIV | 4 | 27.1 | 5.6–27.1 | ||||
| ZEA | 19 | 0.7 | 0.12–5.6 | ||||
| Portugal | Cereal-based children food | AFB1 | 26 breakfast cereals | 73 | 0.036 | NM | Assunção et al., 2018 [48] |
| AFB2 | 46 | 0.07 | |||||
| AFG1 | 4 | NA | |||||
| AFM1 | 12 | 0.017 | |||||
| AFs | 73 | - | |||||
| OTA | 69 | 0.047 | |||||
| FB1 | 58 | 22.00 | |||||
| FB2 | 39 | 5.10 | |||||
| FMs | 58 | - | |||||
| ZEA | 73 | 1.20 | |||||
| DON | 62 | 95.9 | |||||
| NIV | 4 | NA | |||||
| AFB2 | 20 infant cereals (flours) | 5 | NA | NM | |||
| AFG1 | 10 | 0.014 | |||||
| AFM1 | 40 | 0.068 | |||||
| AFs | 45 | - | |||||
| OTA | 50 | 0.061 | |||||
| FB1 | 35 | 0.44 | |||||
| FMs | 35 | - | |||||
| ZEA | 30 | 0.48 | |||||
| DON | 20 | 41.8 | |||||
| OTAOTA | 6 biscuits | 100 | 0.086 | NM | |||
| DON | 50 | 43.8 | |||||
| Germany | Cereal-based baby food | AOH | 19 | 36.8 | 0.89 | 4.73–7.13 | Gotthardt et al., 2019 [49] |
| AME | 89.5 | 0.24 | 0.23–0.58 | ||||
| TEN | 94.7 | 1 | 0.18–7.53 | ||||
| ATX I | 15.8 | 0.17 | NA | ||||
| ATLP | 5.3 | 0.24 | NA | ||||
| TA | 50.2 | 5.66–221 | |||||
| Spain | Cereal-based baby food | AFB1 | 60 | 11 | 0.03 | 0.02–0.23 | Herrera et al., 2019 [50] |
| AFB2 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.02–0.20 | ||||
| AFG1 | 6 | 0.02 | 0.02–0.16 | ||||
| AFG2 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.02–0.11 | ||||
| DON | 12 | 37 | 33–245 | ||||
| Poland | Cereal-based infant and children food | DON | 302 | 17 | >LOD a <LOQ b | NM | Postupolski et al., 2019 [51] |
| NIV | 3 | ||||||
| ZEA | 14 | ||||||
| OTA | 4 | ||||||
| HT-2 | 0 | ||||||
| T-2 | 1 | ||||||
| FB1 | 3 | ||||||
| FB2 | 4 | ||||||
| Italy | Breakfast cereals Sweet cakes |
OTA | 84 | 2.38 | 1 | NM | Capei et al., 2019 [52] |
| 35.7 | 1.34 | ||||||
| Austria and Czech Republic | Processed cereal-based infant foods | AFL | 35 | 6 | - | <LOQ–1.1 | Braun et al., 2021 [53] * |
| AFB1 | - | - | |||||
| STG | 23 | - | <LOQ–0.5 | ||||
| ZEA | 3 | 0.24 | 1.2 | ||||
| DON | 6 | - | 25–62 | ||||
| NIV | 6 | 43 | <LOQ–20 | ||||
| T-2 | 26 | - | 0.8–3.0 | ||||
| BEA | 14 | 1.5 | <LOQ–3.1 | ||||
| ENA | 3 | −1.9 | <LOQ | ||||
| ENB | 11 | 0.7 | <LOQ–2.1 | ||||
| ENA1 | 60 | 5.9 | <LOQ–40 | ||||
| ENB1 | 26 | 3.9 | <LOQ–10 | ||||
| FB1 | 20 | 4.8 | <LOQ–8.3 | ||||
| AME | 20 | 0.6 | <LOQ–1.1 | ||||
| TA | 31 | 48 | <LOQ–124 | ||||
| TEN | 34 | 0.9 | <LOQ–1.5 | ||||
| ATPL | 23 | 11 | <LOQ–20 | ||||
| Poland | Cereal-based baby foods | DON | 110 | 9.09 | 107.8 | 62–148 | Mruczyk et al., 2021 [54] |
AFB1 (Aflatoxin B1), AFB2 (Aflatoxin B2), AFG1 (Aflatoxin G1), AFG2 (Aflatoxin G2), AFM1 (Aflatoxin M1), OTA (Ochratoxin A), DON (Deoxynivalenol), 15acDON (15-acetyldeoxynivelanol), NIV (Nivalenol), FUS-X (Fusarenon-x),T-2 (Mycotoxin T-2), HT-2 (Mycotoxin HT-2), T2-Tetrol (Mycotoxin T2-tetrol), β-ZOL (β-zearalenol), FB1 (Fumonisin B1), FB2 (Fumonisin B2), PAT (Patulin), ZEA (Zearalenone) ENB (Enniatin B), ENB1 (Enniatin B1), ENB2 (Enniatin B2), ENB4 (Enniatin B4), ENA (Enniatin A), ENA1 (Enniatin A1), ENA2 (Enniatin A2), BEA (Beauvericin), STG (Sterigmatocystin), NEO (Neosolaniol), AOH (Alternariol), AME (Alternariol monomethyl ether), TEN (Tentoxin), ATX I (Altertoxin 1), ATLP (Alterperylenol), TA (Tenuazonic acid) and AFL (Aflatoxicol). Maximum Limit (EC): AFB1—0.1 µg/kg; OTA—0.5 µg/kg; PAT—10.0 µg/kg; DON—200 µg/kg; ZEA—20 µg/kg; FB1 + FB2—200 µg/kg; T-2 + HT-2—15 µg/kg. Bold—above the maximum limit (EC). NA—not applicable; NM—not mentioned.a DON—2.0, NIV—18.6, ZEA—6.1, OTA—0.07, HT-2—1.1, T-2—0.1, FB1—1.4 and FB2—0.5 µg/kg. b DON—6.5, NIV—61.9, ZEA—20.5, OTA—0.24, HT-2—3.7, T-2—0.3, FB1—0.4 and FB2—1.5 µg/kg. * AFL—0.25; STG—0.1; NIV—16; BEA—0.4; ENA—0.4; ENA1—0.4; ENB—0.4; ENB1—0.1; FB1—7.0; AME—0.6; TA—24, TEN—1.0 and ATPL—10 µg/kg [53].