Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features of recruited patients *.
| Variables | With EVD-Associated Intracranial Infections (n = 143) | Without EVD-Associated Intracranial Infections (n = 451) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Gender (Male) | 77 (53.85%) | 262 (58.09%) | 0.36 |
| Age (years) | 54.08 (15.16) | 55.28 (14.38) | 0.39 |
| BMI | 23.22 (3.85) | 23.48 (3.64) | 0.48 |
| History of diabetes | 107 (74.83%) | 337 (74.72%) | <0.01 |
| ASA grades | 3.04 (0.94) | 2.25 (0.84) | <0.01 |
| BP on admission (mmHg) | 140.96 (12.30) | 142.12 (12.55) | 0.34 |
| GCS 3–8 (n, %) | 21 (14.69%) | 70 (15.52%) | 0.81 |
| GCS 9–12 (n, %) | 28 (19.58%) | 87 (19.29%) | 0.94 |
| GCS 13–15 (n, %) | 94 (65.73%) | 294 (65.19%) | 0.91 |
| Preoperative intubation (n, %) | 32 (22.38%) | 84 (18.63%) | 0.32 |
| Lopt (minutes) | 146.3 (92.44) | 126.44 (79.85) | 0.02 |
| Cases underwent operations in addition to EVD (n, %) | 62 (43.36%) | 175 (38.80%) | 0.33 |
| Diagnosis and complications | |||
| Hydrocephalus (n, %) | 17 (11.89%) | 56 (12.42%) | 0.87 |
| Spontaneous ICH (n, %) | 95 (66.43%) | 221 (49.00%) | <0.01 |
| Traumatic brain injury (n, %) | 62 (43.36%) | 143 (31.71%) | 0.01 |
| Skull fracture (n, %) | 41 (28.67%) | 136 (30.16%) | <0.01 |
| tSAH (n, %) | 69 (48.25%) | 146 (32.37%) | <0.01 |
| CSF leakage due to trauma (n, %) | 9 (6.29%) | 27 (5.99%) | <0.01 |
| Nonintracranial infections (n, %) | 12 (8.39%) | 28 (6.21%) | 0.36 |
| First laboratory tests | |||
| RBC (1012/L) | 4.49 (0.89) | 4.50 (0.83) | 0.88 |
| HB (g/L) | 75.28 (61.83) | 117.85 (32.26) | <0.01 |
| WBC (109/L) | 13.64 (4.24) | 12.88 (5.15) | 0.08 |
| NEUT (%) | 86.01 (6.21) | 83.83 (10.58) | <0.01 |
| PLT (109/L) | 200.86 (65.21) | 202.49 (68.66) | 0.8 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 12.28 (6.92) | 11.39 (6.84) | 0.18 |
| DBIL(μml/L) | 5.15 (2.91) | 4.94 (2.83) | 0.44 |
| ALT (U/L) | 43.17 (38.24) | 33.12 (23.60) | <0.01 |
| AST (U/L) | 43.23 (27.85) | 38.32 (29.57) | 0.15 |
| LDH (U/L) | 206.94 (69.11) | 205.53 (64.56) | 0.82 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.93 (0.59) | 1.96 (0.62) | 0.62 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.93 (1.15) | 2.97 (1.15) | 0.77 |
| Ch (μml/L) | 5.07 (1.18) | 5.03 (1.15) | 0.75 |
| Ab (g/L) | 33.27 (7.22) | 43.74 (4.62) | <0.01 |
| GLB (g/L) | 30.71 (6.62) | 32.02 (7.61) | 0.01 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 6.09 (1.77) | 6.05 (1.76) | 0.79 |
| UA (mmol/L) | 261.83 (101.63) | 250.59 (94.69) | 0.23 |
| SCR (μmol/L) | 5.87 (1.21) | 6.03 (1.18) | 0.16 |
| Postoperative EVD monitoring | |||
| Length of EVD (days) | 9.15 (4.52) | 6.85 (3.48) | 0.045 |
| Number of CSF sampling (per week) | 3.07 (1.41) | 3.00 (1.41) | 0.62 |
| Leakage from EVD site (n, %) | 20 (13.99%) | 23 (5.10%) | <0.01 |
| Outcomes | |||
| ICU length of stays (days) | 14.29 (6.91) | 5.93 (2.96) | <0.01 |
| Hospital stays (days) | 24.49 (3.62) | 11.25 (3.75) | <0.01 |
| In-hospital mortality (n, %) | 47 (32.87%) | 26 (5.76%) | <0.01 |
* Continuous data are shown as mean (standard deviation). Abbreviations: EVD, external ventricular drainage; CSF, cerebropinal fluid; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; Lopt, length of operation time; tSAH, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage; RBC, red blood cell; HB, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell; NEUT, neutrophil ration; PLT, platelet; TBIL, indirect bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; ALT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; AST, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Ch, cholinesterase; Ab, albumin; GLB, globulin; BUN, urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; SCR, creatinine; BP, blood pressure; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit.