Table 1.
Deformity percentages observed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after thiram treatment.
| Thiram (μg/L) | Mortality (%) | No Tail Detachment (%) | Abnormal Somites (%) | Abnormal Eye Pigmentation (%) | Abnormal Tail Morphology (%) | Abnormal Tail Blood Flow (%) | |
| 24 hpf | 0 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | |||
| 0.625 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | ||||
| 1.25 | 4.17 ± 4.92 | 5.27 ± 3.34 | 11.01 ± 13.14 | ||||
| 2.5 | 5.83 ± 4.92 | 0.88 ± 2.15 | 43.69 ± 10.18 | ||||
| 5 | 2.50 ± 2.74 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | 70.26 ± 29.09 | ||||
| 10 | 12.50 ± 11.73 | 1.28 ± 3.14 | 69.87 ± 26.20 | ||||
| 20 | 16.67 ± 6.06 | 1.91 ± 2.96 | 88.41 ± 9.98 | ||||
| 40 | 19.17 ± 9.70 | 30.70 ± 15.46 | 93.52 ± 15.58 | ||||
| 48 hpf | 0 | 1.67 ± 2.58 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | ||
| 0.625 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.67 ± 4.08 | |||
| 1.25 | 8.33 ± 2.04 | 5.36 ± 4.71 | 2.68 ± 2.94 | 8.50 ± 8.88 | |||
| 2.5 | 7.50 ± 5.24 | 29.28 ± 15.13 | 9.34 ± 8.85 | 33.09 ± 22.58 | |||
| 5 | 7.50 ± 6.12 | 38.52 ± 16.28 | 21.16 ± 15.32 | 46.85 ± 18.56 | |||
| 10 | 20.83 ± 10.21 | 87.29 ± 13.49 | 89.53 ± 4.65 | 92.03 ± 4.75 | |||
| 20 | 45.00 ± 10.49 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 98.72 ± 3.14 | 98.72 ± 3.14 | |||
| 40 | 60.83 ± 9.17 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 97.62 ± 5.83 | 97.62 ± 5.83 | |||
| Thiram (μg/L) | Mortality (%) |
Unhatched Eggs
(%) |
Pericardial Edema
(%) |
Yolk Sac Edema
(%) |
|||
| 72 hpf | 0 | 1.67 ± 2.58 | 7.63 ± 10.49 | 3.33 ± 4.08 | 2.50 ± 2.74 | ||
| 0.625 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | 3.38 ± 4.11 | 3.38 ± 4.11 | 4.25 ± 5.04 | |||
| 1.25 | 8.33 ± 4.08 | 43.11 ± 25.51 | 14.89 ± 14.89 | 8.34 ± 6.82 | |||
| 2.5 | 8.33 ± 5.16 | 91.06 ± 8.44 | 37.41 ± 29.93 | 22.04 ± 16.55 | |||
| 5 | 10.83 ± 7.36 | 95.83 ± 6.45 | 48.50 ± 31.66 | 53.44 ± 29.18 | |||
| 10 | 26.67 ± 8.76 | 95.83 ± 10.21 | 66.01 ± 20.54 | 77.85 ± 22.52 | |||
| 20 | 58.33 ± 9.83 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 96.82 ± 4.94 | 98.48 ± 3.71 | |||
| 40 | 76.67 ± 12.11 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 81.48 ± 29.54 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | |||
| 96 hpf | 0 | 2.50 ± 2.74 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | ||||
| 0.625 | 0.83 ± 2.04 | 0.88 ± 2.15 | |||||
| 1.25 | 8.33 ± 4.08 | 31.90 ± 14.17 | |||||
| 2.5 | 11.67 ± 6.83 | 92.56 ± 9.53 | |||||
| 5 | 23.33 ± 14.72 | 97.22 ± 6.80 | |||||
| 10 | 54.17 ± 8.61 | 96.30 ± 9.07 | |||||
| 20 | 81.67 ± 6.83 | 97.22 ± 6.80 | |||||
| 40 | 95.00 ± 3.16 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | |||||
Data shown as mean ± SD were obtained from six plates (three independent experiments). Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t-test. p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant and shown as bold text. Hpf: Hours post fertilization.