Table 2.
General characteristics of included studies.
| Author, Year, Setting | Participants (F/M) | Age (Years) | Smoking Status (% of Smokers) | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Comorbidities | Oral Hygiene Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Belasy, 2004, Egypt [21] | 200 (0/100) | mean 27 (range: 20–38) | 50.0 | patients who were treated at the Oral Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University between January 2000 and February 2002, healthy patients required to have unilateral high mesioangular impactions of a mandibular third molar with an exposed occlusal surface | women, former smokers, men who smoked both cigarettes and shisha, patients with recent antibiotic use, and patients with medical need for prophylactic antibiotics | 100% no systemic disease | NR |
| Alsaleh et al., 2018 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [22] | 201 (79/122) | NR | 26.4 | patients classified as ASA I (healthy patients) and ASA II (patients with mild, controlled systemic disease without functional limitation), patients with a history of nonsurgical extraction of a permanent tooth | patients who required treatment under general anaesthesia, children under 6 years of age who have not yet grown permanent teeth, and all patients with exodontia of primary teeth and retained teeth | 90.1% no systemic disease | NR |
| Bortoluzzi et al., 2012, Brazil [23] | 793 (337/456) | 41.6 ± 16.0 (range: 9–85) | 23.3 | simple and erupted teeth exodontia, procedures conducted by undergraduate students under similar conditions between March 2007 and December 2011 | extractions of third molars that had not fully erupted and/or were classified as difficult for undergraduate students to remove and extractions of deciduous teeth | NR | NR |
| Eshghpour & Nejat, 2013, Iran [24] | 189 (91/98) | 18–48 | 40.7 | extraction of impacted third mandibular molar teeth performed between April 2009 and August 2010 in Dental Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | NR | 86.0% no systemic disease | prior to surgery, all the patients underwent a thorough scaling and oral prophylaxis |
| Halabí et al., 2012, Chile [25] | 1302 (90/1212) | 39.7 ± 16 | 4.4 | patients who underwent dental extraction from March to June 2011 in dental clinic in Valdiva, Chile | extraction in the operating theatre necessary, residents of rural areas who did not present themselves for the follow-up, patients undergoing antimicrobial therapy | 96.8% no systemic disease | 8% poor oral hygiene |
| Heng et al., 2007 USA [26] | 219 (219/0) | mean 37.7 | 61.1 | inmates who had tooth extractions in the 8 months before the smoking ban (January 2004–August 2004) and 8 months after the ban (September 2004–April 2005) | inmates whose tooth extractions were performed at different times | NR | NR |
| López-Carriches et al., 2006, Spain [27] | 64 (46/18) | mean 23.5 (range: 18–53) | 48.4 | patients subjected to lower third molar extraction in the Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Madrid Complutense University, Spain), healthy volunteers over age 18 years and requiring surgical lower third molar extraction, absence of systemic disease, absence of any habitual medication | pregnant or nursing women, allergy to local anaesthetics, antibiotics, or analgesics, patients with cardiovascular disease or any other systemic pathology | 100% no systemic disease | 68.8% of the patients claimed not to have brushed in the zone at the time of suture removal |
| Momeni et al., 2011 Iran [28] | 4779 (2197/2581) | with dry socket 36.61 ± 13.59, without dry socket 42.86 ± 15.49 | 34.7 | patients referred to dental clinics in Yazd for tooth extraction between May 2010 and June 2010 | patients referred to dental clinics in Yazd for tooth extraction in another time period | 63.7% no systemic disease | 64% poor oral hygiene |
| Parthasarathi et al., 2011, Australia [29] | 284 (142/142) | NR | 30.8 | patients having an exodontia procedure at 4 comparable public dental clinics in Victoria between June and September 2008 | patients who underwent an exodontic procedure at 4 comparable public dental clinics in Victoria during a different time period | 47.0% no systemic disease | 85.3% poor oral hygiene |
| Schwartz-Arad et al., 2018, Israel [30] | 463 (257/206) | mean 29 (range: 13–75) | 26.0 | patients having third molar extractions at Schwartz Arad Surgical Center between 2001 and 2011 | patients having extractions of a tooth other than a third molar | NR | NR |
| Vettori et al., 2019, Italy [31] | 1701 (845/876) | 55.3 ± 19.9 | 29.7 | patients who underwent single or multiple tooth extractions between June 2015 and February 2016 at the University of Trieste | patients subjected to periodontal surgery or major oral surgery, patients without specification of which antibiotic was prescribed after extraction | 40.0% no systemic disease | caries was the reason of 57% extractions and periodontitis was of 31% |
Legend: F, females; M, males; NR, not reported; ASA, American Society of Anaesthesiologists; USA, the United States of America.