Table 2.

Relationship between Growth and Pulmonary Function.

Author	Year	Location	Study Details	Findings
Sproul (9)	1964	US	Longitudinal study over ≥ 2 yrs n=50 infancy through adolescence	Severity of respiratory disease assoc w/ht (p=0.005) & wt (p<0.001)
Kreiβl (10)	1972	Germany	Longitudinal study over 1-12 yrs n=53 aged 2-13.8 yrs	Wt assoc with SK score (r=0.53) ▪ No assoc between SK score & ht
Berry (11)	1975	US	Case-control study of ‘nutritional supplement’ n=63	Wt & ht pos correlated to clinical score ▪ Stronger assoc with wt than ht
Greco (32)	1993	Italy	Longitudinal study 3-14 yrs n=28 aged 4.5 to 17.5 yrs	Resp and GI events coincide with descending phase of HV and WV
Byard (33)	1994	US	Longitudinal study n=230 aged 4.75 to 22.25 yrs	RV/TLC assoc with HV at TO, PHV and PHV +2 yr
Nir (15)	1996	Denmark	Cross-sectional study n=223 aged 0.75-41 yrs	Sig assoc between BMI & FEV1 (p<0.0001)
Konstan (34)	2003	US	Longitudinal study through at least age 6 yrs n=931	FEV1 highest in those who maintained wt >10% from 3-6 yrs FEV1 lowest in those whose wt remained <10% from 3-6 yrs
Stallings (35)	2008	US	NA	FEV1 (~≥80%) assoc with BMI ≥50%
Sheikh (36)	2014	US	Cross-sectional study n=208 aged 5-21 yrs	LBMI-z & BMI-z pos assoc with FEV1 (not FMI-z) LBMI-z more strongly assoc with FEV1 vs. BMI-z ▪ F p<0.0001 vs. p=0.001 ▪ M p<0.0001 for both
Hanna (20)	2015	US	Cross-sectional study n=226 aged 2-18 yrs	FEV1 lowest in nutritional failure p<0.0005 ▪ No sig diff in other 4 wt groups including normal wt vs. obese
Owen (27)	2021	UK	Cross-sectional study n=37 aged 5-8 yrs	WB FFMI & BMI pos assoc with FEV1 WB FFMI more strongly assoc with FEV1 vs. BMI (p=0.02 vs. p=0.08)
Sanders (37)	2021	US	Longitudinal study through age 7 yrs n=5,388	FEV1 higher in children at 6-7 yo who maintained ht >50% vs. those with ht <50% after adjusting for BMI

Assoc, associated; ht, height; wt, weight; SK, Shwachman- Kulczycki score; resp, respiratory; GI, gastrointestinal; HV, height velocity; WV, weight velocity; RV, residual volume; TLC, total lung capacity; TO, take-off; PHV, peak height velocity; yr, year(s); LBMI-z, lean body mass index z-score; pos, positively; FMI-z, fat mass index z-score; F, female; M male; sig significant; diff difference; WB FFMI whole body fat free mass index; yo years old.