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. 2022 Jul 25;54(1):2064–2077. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2101688

Table 2.

Factors associated with stress in school principals (n = 413).

Variables Stress
Bivariate   Multivariate  
B (95% CI) p B (95% CI) p
Age, years −0.02 (−0.11, 0.07) .605 −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) .208
Gender        
 Women 0.00   0.00  
 Men −0.62 (−1.53, 0.30) .188 −0.45 (−1.27, 0.38) .286
School type        
 Primary school 0.00   0.00  
 Junior high school 0.53 (−0.58, 1.65) .348 −0.25 (−1.25, 0.76) .632
 Senior high school or vocational school −0.18 (−1.46, 1.10) .782 0.04 (−1.11, 1.19) .948
 School for special children −1.37 (−4.40, 1.65) .372 −1.63 (−4.26, 1.00) .225
School geography        
 North 0.00   0.00  
 Centre 0.29 (−0.82, 1.40) .606 0.11 (−0.87, 1.09) .825
 South 0.68 (−0.58, 1.94) .289 0.54 (−0.59, 1.66) .351
 East 0.37 (−1.21, 1.95) .648 −0.18 (−1.58, 1.22) .797
 Outlying islands 0.71 (−1.19, 2.60) .464 1.41 (−0.36, 3.18) .118
School Size        
 ≤ 12 classes 0.00    –
 13-24 classes −0.51 (−1.76, 0.74) .424  –
 25-48 classes −0.01 (−1.14, 1.12) .986  –
 ≥ 49 classes −0.07 (−1.31, 1.17) .912  –
Involving teaching        
 No 0.00   0.00  
 Yes −0.63 (−1.62, 0.36) .211 −0.50 (−1.39, 0.39) .270
Weekly working hours        
 < 40 h 1.22 (−0.67, 3.12) .206 0.88 (−0.80, 2.56) .304
 = 40 h 0.00   0.00  
 > 40 h 0.13 (−1.11, 1.36) .842 −0.09 (−1.20, 1.03) .877
Weekly working hour changes        
 Less than before the pandemic 0.41 (−0.60, 1.43) .421 0.34 (−0.56, 1.24) .460
 About the same        
 More than before the pandemic 1.36 (0.16, 2.56) .027 0.86 (−0.19, 1.92) .109
Health status        
 Very bad/bad/moderate 0.00    –
 Good/very good −1.96 (−2.83, −1.08) <.001  –
Chronic health conditions        
 None 0.00    –
 One or more 0.39 (−0.51, 1.29) .395  –
Health-related activity limitations        
 Not limited 0.00   0.00  
 Limited 1.85 (0.90, 2.80) <.001 0.92 (0.05, 1.79) .039
S-COVID-19-S        
 No 0.00   0.00  
 Yes 1.86 (0.97, 2.75) <.001 1.52 (0.70, 2.34) <.001
COVID-19 vaccination        
 No 0.00   0.00  
 Yes 0.45 (−0.89, 1.78) .511 0.01 (−1.26, 1.29) .983
Level of informing on COVID-19 updates        
 Insufficient/poor/fine informed 0.00  
 Well/very well informed −2.95 (−4.26, −1.63) <.001
Confusion about COVID-19-related information        
 Not at all/little confused 0.00   0.00  
 Quite/very confused 3.86 (2.44, 5.27) <.001 2.47 (1.15, 3.79) <.001
Level of concern about getting infected        
 Slightly concerned/not concerned at all 0.00   0.00  
 Very concerned/concerned 1.01 (0.09, 1.93) .031 0.37 (−0.44, 1.18) .370
Perceived likelihood of getting infected        
 Not likely/definitely not 0.00    –
 Very likely/somewhat likely 0.59 (−0.30, 1.48) .192  –
Sense of coherence −1.65 (−2.03, −1.28) <.001 −1.39 (−1.76, −1.03) <.001
Coronavirus-related HL −3.20 (−4.13, −2.27) <.001 −1.76 (−2.66, −0.85) <.001

S-COVID-19-S: symptoms like COVID-19; HL: health literacy; B: unstandardized regression coefficient.