Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | All Patients (n = 92) |
No Metabolic Syndrome Group (n = 41) |
Metabolic Syndrome Group (n = 51) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.44 ± 9.37 | 66.29 ± 8.77 | 64.75 ± 9.86 | 0.435 |
| Height (cm) | 161.30 ± 7.88 | 161.54 ± 6.26 | 161.12 ± 9.03 | 0.802 |
| Body weight (kg) | 68.59 ± 12.19 | 64.59 ± 9.51 | 71.82 ± 13.20 | 0.004 * |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.52 ± 10.20 | 86.98 ± 7.99 | 96.98 ± 9.63 | <0.001 * |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.26 ± 3.59 | 24.73 ± 3.13 | 27.50 ± 3.48 | <0.001 * |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.27 ± 16.47 | 124.44 ± 13.64 | 134.96 ± 17.16 | 0.002 * |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.25 ± 10.29 | 70.73 ± 8.33 | 73.47 ± 11.56 | 0.206 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 167.36 ± 37.17 | 164.85 ± 33.71 | 169.37 ± 39.94 | 0.565 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 120.00 (91.25–183.00) | 104.00 (86.50–127.50) | 151.00 (101.00–238.00) | <0.001 * |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45.41 ± 12.15 | 49.27 ± 13.49 | 42.31 ± 10.05 | 0.006 * |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.23 ± 27.47 | 95.56 ± 27.1 | 96.76 ± 28.00 | 0.836 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 113.00 (98.25–157.00) | 100.00 (92.00–146.50) | 125.00 (105.00–157.00) | 0.003 * |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 16.00 (13.00–20.00) | 15.00 (12.00–17.50) | 19.00 (13.00–22.00) | 0.003 * |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.10 (0.90–1.30) | 1.00 (0.90–1.20) | 1.20 (0.90–1.50) | 0.004 * |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 67.02 ± 19.42 | 75.03 ± 13.44 | 60.57 ± 21.14 | <0.001 * |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.19 (0.14–0.26) | 0.18 (0.14–0.22) | 0.22 (0.15–0.30) | 0.048 * |
| Insulin (uIU/mL) | 12.57 (9.34–17.13) | 11.18 (7.09–15.69) | 14.64 (9.89–19.60) | 0.041 * |
| HOMA-IR | 3.97 (2.81–5.39) | 3.56 (2.17–4.72) | 4.23 (3.30–6.22) | 0.004 * |
| TMAO (μg/L) | 119.58 (98.00–176.72) | 99.96 (88.95–128.41) | 153.67 (109.41–219.80) | <0.001 * |
| Female (n, %) | 21 (22.8) | 6 (14.6) | 15 (29.4) | 0.093 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 72 (78.3) | 24 (58.5) | 48 (94.1) | <0.001 * |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 41 (44.6) | 10 (24.4) | 31 (60.8) | <0.001 * |
| ACE inhibitor use (n, %) | 22 (23.9) | 6 (14.6) | 16 (31.4) | 0.061 |
| ARB use (n, %) | 34 (37.0) | 12 (29.3) | 22 (43.1) | 0.171 |
| β-blocker use (n, %) | 52 (56.5) | 21 (51.2) | 31 (60.8) | 0.358 |
| CCB use (n, %) | 34 (37.0) | 11 (26.8) | 23 (45.1) | 0.071 |
| Statin use (n, %) | 64 (69.6) | 25 (61.0) | 39 (76.5) | 0.108 |
| Fibrate use (n, %) | 15 (16.3) | 4 (9.8) | 11 (21.6) | 0.127 |
The categorial variables are presented as count and percentage; the continuous values are represented as median (interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: LDL-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TMAO, Trimethylamine N-oxide; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; CCB, calcium-channel blocker. * p value refers to the comparison between the metabolic syndrome group and the non-metabolic syndrome group.