Table 1.

Representative applications of TCMVS in tumor therapy.

TCMVs Sourse	Engineering Strategy	Drug	Application	Ref.
Ovarian cancer cell	DC/TCMVs Fusion; PLGA core	CpG ODN	Vaccine	[60]
4T1 cell	DC/TCMVs fusion; MOF core	photosensitizer	PDT and vaccine	[61]
4T1 cell	DC/TCMVs fusion; MOF core	-	vaccine	[62]
Glioblastoma cell	Cu2-xSe NPs core	PD-L1 inhibitor and indoximod	ICT, PDT and ICD	[63]
Osteosarcoma cell	Macrophage cell membrane/TCMVs fusion; PLGA core	PTX	targeted tumor	[64]
solid tumor	Bacterial membrane/TCMVs fusion	-	vaccine	[64,65]
B16F10 cell	Bacterial membrane/TCMVs fusion; PLGA core	ICG	Vaccine and PTT	[66]
B16F10	RBC/TCMVs fusion; CuS NPs core	DOX	Chemo-immunotherapy	[34]
4T1 cell	PLGA core	R837	vaccine	[67,68]
Ovarian cancer cell	RBC/TCMVs fusion; Fe3O4 core	ICG	PTT and Immunotherapy	[69]
4T1 cell	RBC/TCMVs fusion; Fe3O4 core	CSF-1R inhibitor:	Immunotherapy	[70]
HepG2 cell	Prussian blue Nps core	-	PTT	[56]
4T1 cell	alginate gel encapsulation	anti-PD-1 antibodies	vaccine	[71]
4T1 cell	PAMAM core	DOX	targeting and anti-metastasis treatment	[72]
HCT116	F127 core	R837	vaccine	[33]
4T1 cell and B16F10 cell	Encoded SIRPα and PD-1	-	ICT and CD47 blockade	[73]
B16F10	-	DMA and Cdk5 inhibitor	ICT	[74]
Hela cell	PLGA core	PTX and siRNA	Chemo-immunotherapy	[48]
B16-OVA cell	OVA assembly core	Ce6	PDT	[75]
lung carcinoma cell	-	Dox and Sorafenib	ICD and ICT	[49]
4T1 cell	Surface-anchored CD80 and IL-12	-	vaccine	[76]
MCF-7	Au NPs core	MicroRNA	cancer diagnosis	[52]
4T1 cell and B16F10 cell	thermosensitive hydrogel encapsulation	black phosphorus	Vaccine, PTT and ICT	[77]
B16F10 cell	cationic polymers core	DOX	Chemo-immunotherapy	[78]
Tumor cell	Surface-anchored anti CD205	-	vaccine	[79]
B16-OVA	Surface-anchored mannose; PLGA core	R837	vaccine	[80]
B16F10	PLGA core	CpG	vaccine	[81]

ICD, Immunogenic cell death; ICT, immune checkpoint therapy; NPs, nanoparticles; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PTT, photothermal therapy.