Table 1.
Major chemical constituents (≥3.00%) found in the essential oils of the Amazon.
| Species | Family | Extraction Method | Compounds | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Anaxagorea brevipes (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-eudesmol (13.16%), α-eudesmol (13.05%), γ-eudesmol (7.54%), guaiol (5.12%), caryophyllene oxide (4.18%) and β-bisabolene (4.10%) | [15] |
|
Aniba duckei (Synonym: A. rosaeodora) (leaves and thin branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | linalool (89.34%) | [16] |
|
A. parviflora (Aerial parts) |
Lauraceae | HD | linalool (45.0%) | [17] |
|
A. parviflora (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | γ-eudesmol (16.80%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.70%), linalool (12.40%), β-phellandrene (6.7%), and bicyclogermacrene (6.00%) | [18] |
|
A. parviflora (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | β-phellandrene (15.10%), linalool (14.10%) and γ-eudesmol (12.90%). | [18] |
|
A. rosaeodora (Aerial parts) |
Lauraceae | HD | linalool (88.60%) | [17] |
|
A. rosaeodora (Aerial parts) |
Lauraceae | HD | linalool (93.60%) | [19] |
|
Annona exsucca (Dry leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (31.26%), linalool (10.80%), β-elemene (10.30%), germacrene D (10.28%), bicyclogermacrene (9.84%) | [20] |
|
Bauhinia ungulata (leaves) |
Fabaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (15.9%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%) α-humulene (8.1%) and epi-γ-eudesmol (7.5%) | [21] |
|
Bocageopsis pleiosperma (Barks) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-bisabolene (38.53%), δ-cadinene (7.55%), β-selinene (6.46%) and α-selinene (5.18%) | [22] |
|
B. pleiosperma (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-bisabolene (55.77%), (E)-α-bergamotene (6.94%) and β-farnesene (E) (6.05%) | [22] |
|
B. pleiosperma (twigs) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-bisabolene (34.37%), cryptomerione (9,60%) and (2Z, 6Z)-farnesol (7,20%), | [22] |
|
B. multiflora (Leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (20.30%) and β-bisabolene (11.90%) | [23] |
|
B. multiflora (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | cis-linalool oxide (33.10%) and 1-epi-cubenol (16.60%). | [24] |
|
B. multiflora (fresh leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (13.00–16.20%), β-bisabolene (13.20–13.80%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.70–12.00%) | [25] |
|
Copaifera multijuga (resin) |
Fabaceae | Perforation in the trunk of the species | (E)-caryophyllene (57.29%), caryophyllene oxide (10.34%) and α-humulene (9.11%) | [26] |
|
Croton cajucara (leaves) |
Euphorbiaceae | HD | 7-hydroxycalamenene | [27] |
|
Duguetia quitarensis (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | 4-heptanol (33.80%), α-thujene (18.40%) and (E)-caryophyllene (14.40%) | [24] |
|
Endlicheria arenosa (Leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | bicyclogermacrene (42.20%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.10%). | [28] |
|
E. arenosa (Twigs) |
Lauraceae | HD | limonene (33.20%) and terpinen-4-ol (15.60%) | [28] |
|
Ephedranthus amazonicus (Leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (16.90%) and humulene epoxide II (16.30%) | [23] |
|
Eugenia cuspidifolia (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (57.46%) and α-copaene (3.75%) | [29] |
|
E. egensis (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | HD | 5-hydroxy-(Z)-calamenene (35.80%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.90%) and (E)-cadina-1,4-diene (6.30%) | [30] |
|
E. flavescens (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-γ-bisabolene (35.00%) and β-bisabolene (34.70%) | [30] |
|
E. patrisii (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (2E,6E)-Farnesol (34.50%) and (2E,6Z)-Farnesol (23.20%). | [30] |
|
E. patrisii (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | May: germacrene D (20.03%), bicyclogermacrene (11.82%) and (E)-caryophyllene (11.04%) September: γ-elemene (25.89%), (E)-caryophyllene (10.76%) and germacrene B (8.11%) |
[31] |
|
E. patrisii (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (32.00%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.00%) | [32] |
|
E. piauhiensis (dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | γ-elemene (17.48%), (E)- caryophyllene (16.46%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.11%) | [33] |
|
E. polystachya (Aerial parts) |
Myrtaceae | HD | germacrene D (18.40%), ishwarane (15.70%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (7.50%) | [30] |
|
E. punicifolia (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | May: β-elemene (25.12%), (E)-caryophyllene (13.11%), bicyclogermacrene (9.88%) and selin-11-en-4α-ol (9.16%) September: (E)-caryophyllene (11.47%), β-pinene (5.86%), bicyclogermacrene (5.86%), and γ-muurolene (5.55%) |
[31] |
|
E. stipitata (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | germacrene D (11.80%) and Z-α-bisabolene (8.38%). | [32] |
|
E. uniflora (leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | Curzerene (34.40—53.10%) | [34] |
|
E. tapacumensis (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (55.95%) and α-copaene (13.67%) | [29] |
|
Fusaea longifolia (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-selinene (19.30%), cis-β-guaiene (18.30%), (Z)-α-bisabolene (12.00%) and (E)-caryophyllene (7.10%) | [24] |
|
Guatteria blepharophylla (Leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (55.70%). | [23] |
|
G. friesiana (dry leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | β-eudesmol (51.92 ± 9.15%), γ-eudesmol (18.91 ± 5.41%) and α-eudesmol (12.56 ± 2.80%) | [35] |
| G. megalophylla | Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (27.76%), γ-muurolene (14.34%), bicyclogermacrene (10.47%) and β-elemene (7.48%) | [36] |
|
G. pogonopus (dry leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (24.80 ± 11.38%), γ-amorphene (14.72 ± 3.37%) and germacrene D (11.75 ± 6.33%). | [35] |
|
G. punctata (Aerial parts) |
Annonaceae | HD | germacrene D (19.80%), (E)-nerolidol (9.90%) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.40%). | [24] |
|
Hedychium coronarium (Rhizome) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | eucalyptol (33.70%), β-pinene (30.00%) and α-pinene (10.00%) | [37] |
|
Ipomea setifera (Dry leaves) |
Convolvulaceae | SD | (E)-caryophyllene (36.70%) and β-elemene (20.49%) | [38] |
|
I. asarifolia (Dry leaves) |
Convolvulaceae | SD | phytol derivade (10.67–35.49%) and (E)-caryophyllene (15.93–19.93%) | [38] |
|
Iryanthera polyneura (Leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | spathulenol (6.42 ± 1.02%), α-cadinol (5.82 ± 0.40%) and τ-muurolol (5.24 ± 0.03%). |
[39] |
|
Lippia gracilis (dry leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | limonene (56.16%), geraniol (12.09%) and β-myrcene (6.22%). | [33] |
| L. origanoides (aerial parts) | Verbenaceae | HD | Carvacrol (37.12%), p-cymene (11.64%) and thymol (7.83%) | [40] |
|
L. origanoides (leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | carvacrol (48.31%), p-cymene (9.11%), thymol (8.78%), (E)-caryophyllene (6.74%) and 2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone (6.63%) | [41] |
|
L. thymoides (Fresh and Dry Leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | thymol (59.29–62.78%), p-cymene (2.97–8.97%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.21–8.84%) and thymyl acetate (4.92–7.22%). | [42] |
|
L. thymoides (Freash and Dry leaves) |
Verbenaceae | HD | thymol (58.90–66.33%), thymol acetate (7.49–8.10%), γ-terpinene (7.58–9.36%) and p-cymene (5.30–8.36%). | [43] |
|
L. thymoides (Freash and Dry flowers) |
Verbenaceae | HD | thymol (37.86–48.04%), thymol acetate (21.44–33.81), γ-terpinene (0.15–15.06%) and p-cymene (0.07–7.18%) | [43] |
|
L. thymoides (Freash and Dry branches) |
Verbenaceae | HD | thymol (63.59–66.20%), thymol acetate (5.07–5.96%) γ-terpinene (3.39–9.36%) and p-cymene (3.27–3.35%) | [43] |
|
L. thymoides (Freash and Dry roots) |
Verbenaceae | HD | (11Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid (38–02-40.92%), (9Z)-octadecenoic acid (27.40–28.21%) and thymol (19.34–22.18%) | [43] |
|
Mentha piperita (Dry leaves) |
Lamiaceae | HD | linalool (51.80%) and epoxyocimene (19.30%). | [44] |
|
Mesosphaerum suaveolens (aerial parts) |
Lamiaceae | HD | eucalyptol (30.15–64.44%), linalool (0.00–12.85%), β-pinene (3.27–9.04%) and sabinene (0.00–8.58%) | [45] |
|
Myrcia erythroxylon (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | α-humulene (26.79%), bicyclogermacrene (13.26%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.55%) | [33] |
|
M. splendens (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (45.80%) |
[32] |
|
M. splendens (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (36.23%), trans-γ-bisabolene (10.04%), cis-γ-bisabolene (8.33%) and trans-β-farnesene (7.81%) |
[46] |
|
M. sylvatica (Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | germacrene B (24.50%) and γ-elemene (12.50%) |
[32] |
|
M. sylvatica (Fresh leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | 1-epi-cubenol (9.90%), cadalene (7.20%), β-selinene (7.00%), β-calacorene (5.40%), cis-calamenene (4.80%), muskatone (4.40%), δ-cadinene (4.20%), cubenol (4.20%) and ar-curcumene (1.90%) | [10] |
|
M. sylvatica (Dried Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | ar-curcumene (7.60%), 1-epi-cubenol (6.90%), β-selinene (6.00%), cadalene (5.80%), β-calacorene (5.50%), cis-calamenene (5.20%), arturmerol (4.90%), δ-cadineno (4.20%), cubenol (4.20%) and muskatone (3.40%). | [10] |
|
M. tomentosa (Dry leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | May: γ-elemene (12.52%), germacrene D (11.45%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.22%) September: spathulenol (40.70%), zingiberene (9.58%) and γ-elemene (6.89%) |
[31] |
|
Nectandra cuspidata (Leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (26.90%) and bicyclogermacrene (16.00%) | [47] |
|
N. puberula (Leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | apiole (22.20%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.10%) and β-pinene (13.30%). | [47] |
|
N. puberula (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | apiole (28.10%), pogostol (19.80%) and viridiflorol (11.20%) | [47] |
|
Ocimum campechianum (leaves and stems) |
Lamiaceae | HD | methyleugenol (80.00– 87.00%) |
[48] |
|
O. campechianum (inflorescences) |
Lamiaceae | HD | methyleugenol (75.30–83.50%) | [48] |
|
O. canum (dry leaves) |
Lamiaceae | HD | thymol (42.15%), p-cymene (21.17%) and γ-terpinene (19.81%) | [49] |
|
Ocotea caniculata (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | β-selinene (20.30%), β-caryophyllene (18.90%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (14.30%) | [50] |
|
O. caniculata (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | selin-11-en-4-α-ol (20.60%), β-selinene (12.10%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (9.00%) | [50] |
|
O. caudata (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | bicyclogermacrene (29.60%), germacrene D (19.90%) and α-pinene (9.80%) | [50] |
|
O. caudata (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | δ-cadinene (13.8%), germacrene D (8.9%), and α-muurulol (7.80%) | [50] |
|
O. cujumary (leaves) |
Lauraceae | HD | β-caryophyllene (22.20%), caryophyllene oxide (12.40%) and 2-tridecanone (7.30%) | [50] |
|
O. cujumary (branches) |
Lauraceae | HD | selin-11-en-4-α-ol (20.60%), β-selinene (12.10%) and 7-epi-α-selinene (9.00%). | [50] |
|
Onychopetalum amazonicum (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (17.00%), caryophyllene oxide (11.90%) and spathulenol (10.40%) | [51] |
|
O. amazonicum (trunk bark) |
Annonaceae | HD | α-epi-cadinol (14.00–24.10%), allo-aromadendrene (21.20%) and α-gurjunene (10.60–14.90%) | [51] |
|
Piper aequale (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | δ-elemeno (18.92%), β-pineno (15.56%), α-pinene (12.57%), cubebol (7.20%), β-atlantol (5.87%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.51%) | [52] |
|
P. aduncum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | dilapiole (64.40%), piperitone (3.30%) and (E)-β-ocimene (3.00%) | [53] |
|
P. aduncum (Dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | MAE | dilapiol (91.07%) | [54] |
|
P. aduncum (Dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | SD | dilapiole (53.60%), myristicin (24.30%) and (Z)-carpacin (11.90%) | [55] |
|
P. aleyreanum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | β-elemene (16.30%), bicyclogermacrene (9.20%), δ-elemene (8.20%), germacrene D (6.90%) and (E)-caryophyllene (6.20%) | [12] |
|
P. anonifolium (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | selin-11-en-4-ol (20.00%), β-selinene (12.70%), α-selinene (11.90%) and α-pinene (8.80%). | [12] |
|
P. augustum (Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (27.10%), germacrene D (11.20%) and β-elemene (5.80%) | [37] |
|
P. brachypetiolatum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-nerolidol (44.23 ± 2.23%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.08 ± 0.74%) | [56] |
|
P. callosum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | Safrole (69.20%), methyleugenol (8.60%) and myrcene (6.20%) | [53] |
|
P. capitarianum (Leaves, stems, and inflorescences) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (15.30–20.00%), α-humulene (9.10–12.70%), β-myrcene (1.40–10.50%), α-selinene (5.30–7.00%) and β-selinene (4.90–6.30%) | [57] |
|
P. demeraranum (dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | β-elemene (33.10%), Limonene (19.30%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.80%) | [58] |
|
P. divaricatum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | methyleugenol (69.20%), eugenol (16.20%) and germacreno D (3.50%) | [53] |
|
P. duckei (dry leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (27.10%), germacrene D (14.70%) and eucalyptol (5.80%) | [58] |
|
P. glandulosissimum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (19.11 ± 0.40%), α-selinene (8.38 ± 0.17%) and β-selinene (6.38 ± 0.13%) | [56] |
|
P. hispidum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (10.50%), α-humulene (9.50%), δ-3-carene (9.10%), α-copaene (7.30%), limonene (6.90%), caryophyllene oxide (5.90%) and β-selinene (5.10%). | [12] |
|
P. leticianum (Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (21.80%), germacrene D (9.00%) and β-elemene (5.10%) | [37] |
|
P. madeiranum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | caryophyllene oxide (16.92 ± 0.21%), selin-11-en-4-a-ol (9.26 ± 0.12%), β-copaene (9.16 ± 0.12%) and β-selinene (8.70 ± 0.11%). | [56] |
|
P. marginatum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD |
p-mentha-1(7),8-diene (39.00%) and 3,4-methylenedioxy propiophenone (19.00%), |
[53] |
|
P. marginatum (Aerial parts) |
Piperaceae | HD | (E)-isoosmorhizole (32.20%) and (E)-anethole (26.40%) | [53] |
|
P. mollipilosum (Fresh Leaves) |
Piperaceae | HD | β-selinene (32.44 ± 1.14%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.70 ± 0.42%), | [56] |
| Psidium guajava | Myrtaceae | HD | epi-β-bisabolol (16.10%), ar-curcumene (9.80%), β-bisabolene (9.20%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.10%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.50%) | [32] |
|
P. guineense Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | limonene (30.20–30.4%) and α-pinene (17.70–22.50%) | [32] |
|
P. myrsinites (dry Leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (26.05%), α-humulene (23.92%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.09%) | [33] |
|
Renealmia breviscapa (Fresh rhizomes) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (62.38%), α-Humulene (9.56%) and guaiol (9.27%) | [59] |
|
R. breviscapa (fresh leaves) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (28.25%), cis-3-hexenol (15.05%) and bicyclogermacrene (6.90%) | [59] |
|
R. chrysotricha (Fresh rhizomes) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | α-terpineol (26.14%), coronarin E (25.10%) and eucalyptol (15.87%) | [59] |
|
R. chrysotricha (Fresh leavess) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | cis-3-hexenol (57.28%), (E)- caryophyllene (6.85%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.92%) | [59] |
|
R. nicolaioides (Fresh rhizomes) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (22.78%), α-terpineol (14.15%) and (E)-nerolidol (11.06%) | [59] |
|
R. nicolaioides (fresh leaves) |
Zingiberaceae | HD | (E)-nerolidol (21.03%), α-terpineol (11.92%) and germacrene D (10.33%) | [59] |
|
Siparuna aspera (Leaves) |
Siparunaceae | HD | germacrene D (23.30%), bicyclogermacrene (7.80%) and α-pinene (7.00%). | [37] |
|
S. camporum (dry leaves) |
Siparunaceae | HD | γ-patchoulene (28.63%), α-Phellandrene (12.80%) and Guaiadiene-6,9 (9.23%), | [33] |
|
S. macrotepala (Leaves) |
Siparunaceae | HD | germacrene D (42.10%), bicyclogermacrene (11.80%) and δ-cadinene (5.00%) | [37] |
|
Syzygium cumini (leaves) |
Myrtaceae | HD | α-pinene | [60] |
|
Virola calophyla (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (55.70%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.80%) | [61] |
|
V. multinervia (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | (E)-caryophyllene (54.80%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.00%) | [61] |
|
V. pavonis (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | β-selinene (60.50%) and (E)-caryophyllene (12.70%) | [61] |
|
V. surinamensis (barks) |
Myristicaceae | HD | Aristolene (28.40 ± 5.03%), α-gurjunene (15.00 ± 3.17%) and valencene (14.10 ± 4.87%). | [62] |
|
V. surinamensis (leaves) |
Myristicaceae | HD | α-farnensene (14.50 ± 3.24), β-elemene (9.61 ± 1.02%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.10 ± 2.42%). | [62] |
|
Vismia cayennensis (Leaves) |
Hypericaceae | HD | germacrone (25.42%) and curzerene (25.29%) | [63] |
|
V. guianensis (Leaves) |
Hypericaceae | HD | α-copaene (29.45%), (E)-nerolidol (24.06%) and (E)-caryophyllene (10.04%) | [63] |
|
Xylopia aromatica (leaves) |
Annonaceae | HD | spathulenol (21.50%, trans-pinocarveol (10.20%) and dihidrocarveol (11.60%) | [23] |
HD: Hydrodistillation; SD: steam distillation; MAE: microwave-assisted extraction.