Table 1.

Prevalence and factors associated with dengue virus exposure in humans, Nigeria, 2011–2018.

Variable	n/N	Seroprevalence % (95% CI)	Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-Value	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-Value
Age (continuous)	379/701	54.1 (50.2, 57.8)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.251	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.757
0–17	78/126	61.9 (52.8, 70.4)	REF
18–90	301/575	52.3 (48.1, 56.4)	0.67 (0.45, 1.00)	0.052	1.10 (0.71, 1.71)	0.648
Gender
Female	193/329	58.6 (53.1, 64.0)	1.41 (1.05, 1.91)	0.022	0.98 (0.67, 1.44)	0.933
Male	186/372	50.0 (44.8, 55.1)	REF
Location, Year
Ibadan, 2018	187/300	62.3 (56.5, 67.8)	3.49 (2.38, 5.12)	<0.001	4.26 (0.78, 23.04)	0.092
Jos, 2017	120/177	67.7 (60.3, 74.6)	4.44 (2.85, 6.93)
Abuja, 2011	72/224	32.1 (26.0, 38.6)	REF
Occupation
Butcher/Meat seller	45/141	31.9 (24.3, 40.2)	0.30 (0.19, 0.46)	<0.001	2.44 (0.48, 12.61)	0.284
Livestock Trader/Vet	9/27	33.3 (16.5, 53.9)	0.32 (0.12, 0.78)		2.70 (0.45, 16.16)	0.276
Abattoir worker	16/46	34.7 (21.3, 50.2)	0.34 (0.16, 0.68)		3.59 (0.63, 20.30)	0.147
Unknown	120/177	67.7 (60.3, 74.6)	1.34 (0.89, 2.03)		6.51 (1.25, 33.74)	0.026
Others	189/310	60.9 (55.2, 66.4)	REF
Animal exposure
Unknown	120/177	67.7 (60.3, 74.6)	1.04 (0.62, 1.72)	<0.001
Yes	168/388	43.2 (38.3, 48.3)	0.37 (0.24, 0.57)		0.43 (0.25, 0.73)	0.002
No	91/136	66.9 (58.3, 74.7)	REF
Health status
Sick individual	307/477	64.3 (59.8, 68.6)	3.81 (2.68, 5.42)	<0.001
Non-sick individual	72/224	32.1 (26.0, 38.6)	REF
Presence of fever
Yes	339/595	56.9 (52.8, 60.9)	2.18 (1.42, 3.34)	<0.001	0.60 (0.33, 1.10)	0.100
No	40/106	37.7 (28.5, 47.6)	REF
Malaria parasite
Unknown	192/401	47.8 (42.8, 52.8)	0.78 (0.44, 1.38)	<0.001
Yes	153/237	64.5 (58.1, 70.6)	1.55 (0.84, 2.82)		2.43 (1.27, 4.66)	0.007
No	34/63	53.9 (40.9, 66.6)	REF

n = number positive for anti-dengue virus IgG; N = total samples examined; CI = confidence interval.