Table 1.

Biomarkers suggesting acute cardiac injury in COVID-19.

IL-1β	High levels are associated with a hypercoagulable state and thrombotic events, worsening the prognosis [68]
IL-6	Elevated levels correlate with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events and/or mortality risk [67]
IL-10	Increases ACE 2 expression and may promote endothelial cell infection and vasculitis [132]
TNF-α	Positively correlated with acute cardiac injury, disease severity, and high mortality rates in ICU patients [69]
IFN-γ	Elevated levels detected in cytokine storm cause multiple organ dysfunction [133]
CRP	Independent predictor of very high cardiac troponin levels, associated with high rates of all-cause mortality [134]
Troponin	High levels indicate a risk of death 8 to 21 times higher [10,11]
D-dimers	COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, biologically expressed through increased D-dimer and prolonged PT is a predictor of myocardial injury and poor prognosis [135]
NT-proBNP	Prognostic value similar to troponin in survival rates [136]
ST2	Superior prognostic value compared to NT-proBNP [88,137]