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. 2022 Jul 8;14(7):469. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070469

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fibrinogen consumption and prolongation of the PT and aPTT induced by recombinant toxins and corresponding snake venoms are reduced by the ssDNA aptamers in diluted citrated human PPP samples. (A) Fibrinogen concentrations were quantified using an excess of thrombin to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, (B) PT, which measures the combined effect of clotting factors of the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways (in seconds), and (C) aPTT, which measures the combined effect of the clotting factors of the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. PPP samples were spiked with 0.6 ng of either recombinant toxin or native venom only (i.e., ancrod, batroxobin, C. rhodostoma or B. atrox); toxin/venom + 1 pM of specific aptamer (ancrod/C. rhodostoma with ancrod-55, batroxobin/B. atrox with batroxobin-26); or toxin/venom + 0.5 µg of specific commercial antivenom (ancrod/C. rhodostoma with Malayan pit viper antivenom, batroxobin/B. atrox with SORO antibotropico/crotalico antivenom). Controls consisted of aptamer-only samples, antivenom-only samples, and saline solution (negative control). Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) of duplicate measurements.