Table 1.
Subject demographics.
| Control | MCI (nc/c) | AD (ps/s) | VD | FTD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 39 | 32 (23/9) | 37 (13/24) | 6 | 11 |
| Age (years) | 67.6 ± 8.0 | 70.7 ± 7.4/76.1 ± 7.9 | 66.4 ± 4.6/78.4 ± 5.8 | 73.6 ± 7.8 | 64.4 ± 11.4 |
| Sex (%, F) | 69.2 | 70.6 (78.3/44.4) | 54.1 (57.1/52.2) | 66.7 | 63.6 |
| APOE (%, e4+) | 10.0 | 12.5/33.3 | 46.2/41.7 | 50.0 | 18.2 |
| e2/e3 | 17.5 | 12.5/11.1 | 0/8.3 | 16.7 | 45.5 |
| e3/e3 | 72.5 | 75/55.6 | 53.8/50.0 | 33.3 | 36.4 |
| e2/e4 | 2.5 | 0/0 | 0/4.2 | 0 | 0 |
| e3/e4 | 7.5 | 12.5/33.3 | 15.4/20.8 | 50.0 | 18.2 |
| e4/e4 | 0 | 0/0 | 30.8/16.7 | 0 | 0 |
| MMSE | 29.5 ± 0.7 | 28.7 ± 1.5/25.9 ± 4 | 14.7 ± 6.6/17.6 ± 4.8 | 22.0 ± 3.7 | 16.9 ± 8.6 |
| CDT | 9.9 ± 0.29 | 9.5 ± 1.1/8.6 ± 1.6 | 4.7 ± 2.6/5.5 ± 2.7 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 3.9 |
| BNT | 53.3 ± 1.64 | 51 ± 3.4/45.7 ± 5.7 | 23.6 ± 16/26.5 ± 17.2 | 38.5 ± 7.2 | 18.7 ± 19.7 |
| LMWT | |||||
| NM | 7.98 ± 1.14 | 7.7 ± 1.2/5.7 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 1.9/3.4 ± 2.2 | 5.3 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 2.8 |
| DM | 6.81 ± 1.71 | 6.4 ± 1.9/4.5 ± 2.7 | 0.26 ± 0.6/1.6 ± 2 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 3.0 |
| MDRS | |||||
| Sound associations | 17.9 ± 3.4 | 15.4 ± 4/12.5 ± 5.6 | 6.1 ± 4.7/6.5 ± 4.6 | 12.3 ± 3.0 | 3.3 ± 4.1 |
| Categorial associations | 19.8 ± 1.7 | 17.1 ± 4.4/12.3 ± 5.3 | 7.6 ± 5.4/7.0 ± 5.2 | 12.8 ± 2.9 | 3.6 ± 4.1 |
| Cardiovascular diseases (%) | 65.8 | 70.8/55.6 | 71.4/87.0 | 100.0 | 63.6 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0.0 | 12.5/11.1 | 7.1/13.0 | 33.3 | 9.1 |
| Gastrointestinal pathologies (%) | 21.1 | 16.7/44.4 | 35.7/26.1 | 66.7 | 36.4 |
| Genitourinary pathologies (%) | 15.8 | 25.0/55.5 | 13.3/39.1 | 50.0 | 9.1 |
| Nicergoline usage (%) | 0 | 13.8/18.2 | 10.5/7.1 | 0 | 26.7 |
| Choline alfoscerate usage (%) | 0 | 65.5/63.6 | 15.8/28.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Donepezil usage (%) | 0 | 0/9.1 | 26.3/28.6 | 25 | 26.7 |
| Memantine usage (%) | 0 | 3.4/0 | 73.7/67.9 | 50 | 73.3 |
| Rivastigmine usage (%) | 0 | 0/0 | 26.3/21.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Quetiapine usage (%) | 0 | 0/0 | 10.5/17.9 | 0 | 33.3 |
Abbreviations: AD—Alzheimer’s disease (ps—pre-senile, s—senile); APOE—apolipoprotein E gene (genotype); BNT—Boston naming test; CDT—clock drawing test; FTD—frontotemporal dementia; LMWT—Luria memory words test (NM—non-intermediate memorization, DM—delayed memorization); MCI—mild cognitive impairment (nc—non-converter, c—converter); MDRS—Mattis dementia rating scale; MMSE—Mini Mental State Examination; VD—vascular dementia. All average values are given ± SD.