Table 1.
Published cases reports of autoimmune encephalitis after vaccination against COVID-19.
| Author (Year) | Age (Sex) |
Comorbidities | Onset Clinical Picture | Antineuronal Antibodies | Cerebrospinal Fluid | Immunization History: Type (Laboratory) and Number of Doses | Time between Vaccination and Symptoms | Imaging Findings | Relapse | Type of Treatment | Maintenance Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vences M.A. (2022) In this study |
72 (Male) |
High blood pressure and diabetes mellitus | Headache, confusion, aggressiveness, instability | Not performed | Elevated protein levels | mRNA (Pfizer) and two doses | 1st dose: 1 day and 2nd dose: 4 days | MRI: bilateral frontal and insular hyperintensity | Yes | Methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin | Six-monthly cycles of methylprednisolone |
| Abu-Riash A. (2021) [11] | 20 (Male) |
None | Fatigue, tonic-clonic seizures, hallucinations, bilateral hand tremor and amnesia | Not described | Normal | Inactivated virus (Sinopharm) and two doses | 1 day | MRI: normal | No | Phenytoin, levetiracetam, teicoplanin, and methylprednisolone | Not described |
| Torrealba-Acosta G. (2021) [6] | 77 (Male) |
Coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypothyroidism | Confusion, fever and generalized rash | Normal | Normal | mRNA (Moderna) and one dose | 1 day | MRI: normal | No | Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiviral coverage, and methylprednisolone | Prednisone 60 mg daily for 3 weeks |
| Flannery P. (2021) [12] | 20 (Female) |
None | Motor dysfunction, a transient aphasia, decreased mentally acuity, insomnia, somatization of bowel and kidney disease | 1:20 anti-NMDA | Mild lymphocyte pleocytosis with 12–14 nucleated cells/mm3 | mRNA (Pfizer) and one dose | 1 week | MRI and CT: normal | No | Intravenous immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone, rituximab | Not described |
| Takata J. (2021) [13] | 22 (Female) |
Non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa | Confusion, visual, and tactile hallucinations | Negative | Pleocytosis | Viral vector (AstraZeneca) and two doses | 3 weeks | MRI and CT: normal | No | Ceftriaxone, acyclovir, and olanzapine | Olanzapine 5 mg twice daily |
| H -T Fan (2022) [14] | 22 (Male) |
None | Fever, blurred vision, and seizures | Negative | Elevated protein level | mRNA (Moderna) and two doses | 6 days | CT: normal, SPECT: mild hypoperfusion in the right temporal region | No | Levetiracetam, acyclovir, valproate sodium, and methylprednisolone | Not described |
| Hye-Rim Shin (2022) [15] | 35 (Female) |
Intellectual disability | Dysarthria, anxiety, and reduced voluntary movements | Negative | Normal | Viral vector (AstraZeneca) and one dose | 5 days | MRI: mild swelling of the right hippocampus | No | Methylprednisolone, immunoglobulin, acyclovir, and rituximab | Not described |
| Al-Mashdali A. (2021) [9] | 32 (Male) |
None | Agitation, disorientation to time, place, person, and memory disturbances | Negative | Elevated protein levels | mRNA (Moderna) and one dose | 2 days | MRI: normal | No | Ceftriaxone, acyclovir, and methylprednisolone | Not described |