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DNA mutation mechanisms by physical and chemical mutagenesis. (A) Ionizing radiation may induce the following lesions on DNA: 1—single-strand breakage; 2—double-strand breakage; and 3—reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. (B) Non-ionizing radiation might cause: 4—thymine dimerization (DNA kink). (C) Alkylating agents, such as EMS, replace a hydrogen ion with an alkyl group on a DNA base, often guanine (G).
