Table 2.
JBI risk of bias assessment table. Eight items per study were evaluated and the risk of bias was calculated on the number of positive answers. y = yes, n = no, u = unclear. Moderate = where positive answers were between 50% and 75%; low = where positive answers were above 75%.
| Ref. | First Author | Were the Criteria for Inclusion in the Sample Clearly Defined? | Were the Study Subjects and the Setting Described in Detail? | Was the Exposure Measured in a Valid and Reliable Way? | Were Objective, Standard Criteria Used for Measurement of the Condition? | Were Confounding Factors Identified? | Were Strategies to Deal with Confounding Factors Stated? | Were the Outcomes Measured in a Valid and Reliable Way? | Was Appropriate Statistical Analysis Used? | % YES | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [15] | Aggarwal S; 2009 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | u | 75 | Low |
| [16] | Alexander RE; 2012 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [17] | Alexander RE; 2013 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [18] | Alexander RE; 2014 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [21] | Ben Selma W; 2010 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [22] | Berrada N; 2013 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 88 | Low |
| [23] | Chan KW; 1997 | y | y | y | y | n | n | y | y | 75 | Low |
| [24] | Chapman-Fredricks JR; 2013 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 88 | Low |
| [25] | Collins K; 2020 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | 100 | Low |
| [26] | Cooper K; 1997 | y | n | y | y | y | n | y | n | 63 | Moderate |
| [27] | De Gaetani C; 1999 | y | n | y | y | y | n | y | y | 75 | Low |
| [28] | Fioriti D; 2003 | y | n | y | n | y | n | y | n | 50 | Moderate |
| [29] | Gazzaniga P; 1998 | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [30] | Golovina DA; 2016 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | 100 | Low |
| [31] | Gopalkrishna V; 1995 | y | n | y | n | y | y | y | n | 63 | Moderate |
| [33] | Helal Tel A; 2006 | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | 88 | Low |
| [34] | Javanmard B; 2019 | y | n | y | n | y | n | y | y | 63 | Moderate |
| [35] | Kamel D; 1995 | y | n | y | y | n | n | y | n | 50 | Moderate |
| [36] | Kim KH; 1995 | y | n | y | y | n | n | y | n | 50 | Moderate |
| [38] | LaRue H; 1995 | y | y | y | y | n | n | n | n | 50 | Moderate |
| [39] | Llewellyn MA; 2018 | y | y | y | y | n | n | y | n | 63 | Moderate |
| [40] | Lopez-Beltran A; 1996a | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | 100 | Low |
| [41] | López-Beltrán A; 1996b | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 88 | Low |
| [43] | Moghadam SO; 2020 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | 100 | Low |
| [44] | Musangile FY; 2021 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | y | 88 | Low |
| [45] | Pichler R; 2015 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | 100 | Low |
| [46] | Samarska IV; 2019 | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [48] | Schmid SC; 2015 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [51] | Shigehara K; 2013 | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | 88 | Low |
| [52] | Simoneau M; 1999 | y | n | y | y | n | n | y | n | 50 | Moderate |
| [55] | Tenti P; 1996 | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | 75 | Low |
| [56] | Westenend PJ; 2001 | y | n | y | y | y | n | y | n | 63 | Moderate |
| [57] | Yan Y; 2021 | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | 88 | Low |
| [58] | Yavuzer D; 2011 | y | y | y | y | n | n | y | n | 63 | Moderate |
| [59] | Youshya S; 2005 | y | n | y | y | y | n | y | n | 63 | Moderate |