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. 2022 Jul 16;23(14):7842. doi: 10.3390/ijms23147842

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Summary of synaptic changes observed in the central amygdala (CeA) during alcohol dependence in male and female rats. All neurons represented in the top figure are GABAergic. Green denotes CRF₁+ neurons, while purple denotes CRF₁− neurons. Naïve females have lower CRF₁ expression on GABAergic neurons and are less responsive to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) than naïve males. In alcohol-dependent females, CRF₁ expressing cell populations and CRF responsivity increase, similar to levels observed in dependent males. Created with BioRender.com.