Table 4.
Antioxidant properties of seaweed phenolic compounds.
| Seaweed Species | Tested Sample | Phenolic Content/Active Compounds | In Vitro Antioxidant Activities | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
F. vesiculosus, F. serratus, F. distichus, F. spiralis (Brown seaweed) |
Aqueous extracts | High levels of caffeic and gentisic acid and relatively high levels of gallic and vanillic acid | DPPH, RAP, oxidation inhibition in liposome model system. |
Preserving fish oil | [98] |
|
Gelidiella acerosa (Red seaweed) |
Methanolic extract | TPC; 0.616 g/g GE | DPPH, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, RAP | Food preservative and therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related disorders | [166] |
|
Fucus Vesiculosus, Bifurcaria bifurcate, Ascophyllum nodosum (Brown seaweeds) |
Aqueous extract | TPhC (FVE); 1.15 g PGE/100 g extract TPhC (BBE); 1.99 g PGE/100 g extract |
ABTS, DPPH, ORAC and FRAP | Oil stabilizers in canola oil (500 ppm seaweed extract > 50 ppm BHT) | [154] |
|
Ecklonia radiata (Brown seaweed) |
Seaweed extract | TPhC; 4.4 g (PGE) 100 g−1 (DW) | FRAP, ORAC | Natural antioxidant and functional food ingredient |
[93] |
|
Fucus vesiculosus (Brown seaweed) |
Aqueous seaweed extracts | TPC; 0.26 and 0.30 g PGE/g Phlorotannin-LMW; fucodiphlorethol A and trifucodiplorethol isomers (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) |
ORAC, DPPH, FCA, ABTS, CAA | Antioxidant potential of enriched convenience cereals |
[167] |
|
Saccharina japonica (Brown seaweed) |
SWE + IL extract | TPC; 39.55 mg PGE/g DW Chlorogenic, Protocatechuic, p-Hydroxybenzoic, Gentisic, Caffeic, Gallic, Syringic |
DPPH, ABTS, TAC, FRAP | NA | [168] |
|
Fucus vesiculosus L. (Brown seaweed) |
Methanol/water extracts | TPC; 41.4 gPEGkg−1 DM | DPPH, FRAP, inhibition of copper-catalyzed LDL oxidation | NA | [100] |
|
Bifurcaria bifurcate (Brown seaweed) |
Organic extract (methanol and acetone) and aqueous extract | TPC; 2.0–2.5 g PGE 100 g−1 | DPPH, Reduction of power | Antioxidant nutraceuticals | [99] |
|
Durvillaea antarctica, Lessonia spicata, Macrocystis integrifolia (Brown seaweed) |
Ethanol/water extract | D. antarctica; TPC 5 g PGE/kg DW and L. spicata; TPC 1.21 g PGE/kg DW; phlorotannins (trimer to tetramer). M. integrifolia; TPC 3.7 g PGE/kg DW; flavonoids (glycoside forms) | FRAP, ORAC, DPPH | Food and pharmaceutical applications | [65] |
|
Hypnea musciformis (Red seaweed) |
Ethyl acetate fraction | TPC; 205.5 mg GAE/g | DPPH, ABTS, FCA, H2O2 scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity | Food preservative | [169] |
|
Ascophyllum Nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus (Brown seaweed) |
Ethanol/water extract | TPC; 21.42 g PGE/100 g extract TPC; 22.71 g PGE/100 g extract TPC; 12.36 g PGE/100 g extract |
DPPH A. Nodosum > F. Serratus > F. Vesiculosus |
NA | [101] |
|
Caulerpa lentillifera, C. racemose (Green seaweeds), Sargassum polycystum (Brown seaweed) |
Methanolic extract | TPC; 42.85 mg PGE/g DW TPC; 40.36 mg PGE/g DW TPC; 45.16 mg PGE/g DW |
TEAC, FRAP | Natural antioxidants | [170] |
|
Sargassum sp. (Brown seaweed) |
Hot water extract | TPC; 2.4 mg GAE/g DW | DPPH | Functional food ingredient | [96] |
|
Turbinaria ornate (Brown seaweed) |
Methanolic extract | TPC; 2.07 mg catechin/g DW | ABTS, DPPH, RAP | NA | [171] |
|
Ulva sp. (Green seaweed) Gracilaria chilensis, Callophyllis concepcionensis (Red seaweeds) |
Hot water extracts | TPC; 551.1 mg GAE/100 g DW TPC; 216.4 mg GAE/100 g DW TPC; 218.6 mg GAE/100 g DW (Hydrolyzable polyphenols; hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols) |
ABTS, FRAP | Natural antioxidant | [172] |
|
Cystoseira trinodis (Brown seaweed) |
Dichloromethane fraction from crude methanolic extract | TPC; 17.30 mg GAE/g of fraction Active compound; phlorotannins |
DPPH | NA | [173] |
|
Sargassum horneri (Brown seaweed) |
Ethanolic extract in SC-CO2 | TPC; 0.64 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g TFC; 5.57 ± 0.05 mg catechin/g |
DPPH, ABTS | Natural antioxidant | [174] |
|
F. vesiculosus, F. serratus, A. nodosum (Brown seaweed) |
70% acetone extract | TPC; 24.2 g PGE/100 g extract TPC; 24.0 g PGE/100 g extract TPC; 15.9 g PGE/100 g extract |
DPPH, ORAC | Natural antioxidants for functional foods and nutraceuticals | [102] |
|
Halopithys incurve (Red seaweed), Fucus spiralis, Treptacantha abies-marina (Brown seaweeds) |
Hydroethanolic methanolic and extracts | TPC; 4.8% of DW TPC; 3.1% of DW TPC; 3.9% of DW |
DPPH, RAP | NA | [175] |
|
Ascophyllum nodosum Fucus distichus Fucus evanescens (Brown seaweed) |
Methanolic extract | TPC; 38.95 PGE% TPC; 30.40 PGE% TPC; 23.85 PGE% |
DPPH | NA | [176] |
| Sargassum polycystum (Brown seaweed) | Ethanol/water extract | TPC; 37.41 mg GAE/g DW TFC; 4.54 mg CE/g DW |
DPPH, ABTS | NA | [177] |
|
Ulva intestinalis (Green seaweed) |
Dichloromethane extract | TPC; 197 ± 16 mg GAE/g extract | DPPH, ABTS | Medicine, dietary supplements, cosmetics, and food industries. | [178] |
|
Acanthophora spicifera (Red seaweed) |
Ethyl acetate extract |
TPC; 40.583 GAE; µg mg−1 DW | DPPH | Natural antioxidant | [105] |
|
Himanthalia elongate (Brown seaweed) |
60% methanolic extract | TPC; 286.0 mg GAE/g TFC; 109.8 mg QE/g Condensed tannin; 35.6 mg CE/g |
DPPH, FRAP, FCA, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity | Natural food preservative or nutraceutical | [179] |
|
Himanthalia elongate (Brown seaweed) |
Ethanol/water extract | TPC; 548.33 mg AG/100 g seaweed. Phloroglucinol, Gallic Acid, Catechin, Rutin, Gentisic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Caffeic Acid, Coumaric, Ferulic, Myricetin and Quercetin |
DPPH | NA | [180] |
|
Kappaphycus alvarezii (Red seaweed) |
1% Formic acid extracts | TPC; 40 mg (100 g)−1 GAE TFC; 60 mg (100 g)−1 CE |
DPPH, ABTS | NA | [92] |
|
Laurencia obtuse (Red seaweed) |
Ethanolic extract | TPC; 26.23 mg GAE/g seaweed | ABTS, TAA | NA | [94] |
|
Macrocystis pyrifera (Brown seaweed) |
Aqueous extract | TPC; 200.5 mg (GAE)/100 g DW Phlorotannin; phloroeckol and a tetrameric phloroglucinol |
DPPH, TAA | Medicinal foods or therapeutics | [69] |
|
Sargassum fusiforme (Brown seaweed) |
Ethyl acetate fractions | TPC; 88.48 mg PGE/100 mg extract. fuhalol-type phlorotannins, phlorethols, fucophlorethols and eckol-type phlorotannins. |
DRSA, FRAP | Marine antioxidants | [64] |
|
Ascophyllum nodosum (Brown seaweed) |
75% (v/v aq.) 1,3-propanediol solvent extract | TPC; 100 mg/ (PEG/g) DW | DPPH | NA | [181] |
NA—Not available, TPC—Total phenolic content, TFC—Total flavonoid content, TPhC—Total phlorotannin content, GAE—Gallic acid equivalence, CE—Catechin equivalents, PGE—Phloroglucinol equivalents, DW—Dry Weight, ABTS—radical cation decoloration, DPPH—free radical scavenging activity, FRAP—Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, ORAC—Oxygen radical absorbance capacity, FCA—Ferrous ion chelating ability, CAA—Cellular antioxidant activity, TAC—Total antioxidant capacity, RAP—Reducing activity power, TAA—Total antioxidant activity, TEAC—Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, DRSA—DPPH radical-scavenging activity, LMW—Low molecular weight. Search keywords: seaweed phenolics, phlorotannins, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, TAA, ABTS, food preservative, fish oil stability; years of searching: 2000–2022.