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. 2022 Jul 18;11(14):2227. doi: 10.3390/cells11142227

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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VMP1 promotes myoblast autophagy: (A) An adenovirus harboring tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3 was used to evaluate the extent of autophagic flux after VMP1 overexpression or silencing. (B,D) Mean numbers of green and red puncta per cell; three cells were randomly selected from each field to be counted. (C,E) Mean numbers of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell. Autophagosomes contain both green and red puncta; in the merged images, the puncta appear yellow. Autolysosomes contain red puncta only. (F,G) Levels of ULK1/mTOR were detected after VMP1 overexpression or silencing. GAPDH was used as an internal standard. Replicates = 3. Data are presented as the mean ± SE; * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01.