Table 4.

Current research is focuses on various hormones locally applied for bone and periodontal tissue engineering.

Hormone	Current Indication	Used Carrier	Repurposed Application	Reference
Thyroxin	Hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer	Chitosan/collagen hydrogel	Angiogenesis and neovascularization	[76]
Oxytocin	Postpartum hemorrhage, labor induction, and incomplete or inevitable abortion	Micro porous β-TCP	Osseo induction and enhanced osteogenesis	[77]
Dexamethasone	Arthritis, blood/hormone issues, allergic responses, skin illnesses, vision difficulties, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, tumors, and hypersensitivity reactions are all examples of medical conditions	Chitosan-alginate-gelatin matrix	Increased proliferation and osteogenic-enhanced bone marrow	[78]
Androgens	Estradiol production, sex drive and muscular mass	PLGA-coated pericardial membranes	Enhanced implant Osseo-integration and repair of bone defects and fractures	[79]
Parathyroid Hormone	Calcium/Phosphorus homeostasis	Injectable Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel	Increased ALP activity and mineralization	[80]
Insulin	Treatment of Diabetes	Poly lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA) nano spheres were incorporated into nano hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHAC) scaffolds	Increased bone regeneration in rabbit mandible critical size defects	[81]
Raloxifene	Treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis	Chitosan composite encapsulated with PLGA microspheres	Increased cell proliferation, greater mineralization capability, and ALP activity	[82]
Erythropoietin	Treatment of cancer induced anemia	Cs/β-GP/Gelatin hydrogel	Anti-inflammation and improved periodontal regeneration	[83]
Estrogen	Primary ovarian insufficiency Female hypogonadism	β-cyclodextrin/silk fibroin (SF)	Improved cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation markers	[84]
Vitamin D	Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis	Polycaprolactone/gelatin scaffold incorporating HA nanoparticles.	Increased hADSC osteogenic development and maturation	[85]
Melatonin	Insomnia	Chitosan micro particles	Accelerating osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblast cells in vitro	[86]
Calcitonin	Hypercalcemia, Paget’s disease of bone	Local injection	Reduced alveolar bone resorption by controlling the action of osteoclasts	[87]