Table 3.
Number of articles that reported food subgroups that exceeded the Maximum Limits of heavy metals established by FAO/OMS per country.
| Classification FAO/WHO Global Individual Food Consumption Data Tool (GIFT) a | FAO/OMS Maximum Limits (MLs) b | Number of Articles per Country that Exceed Maximum Limits (MLs) in our Study c | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Group | Subgroup-Short Name | As | Pb | Cd | MeHg | As | Pb | Cd | MeHg |
| Cereals | Rice | 0.2 | 0.4 | Thailand: 1 Bangladesh: 1 Iran: 2 China: 2 |
China: 3 Iran: 1 Australia: 1 |
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| Maize | 0.2 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Greece: 1 Iran: 1 China: 1 |
Bangladesh: 2 Iran: 1 China: 2 |
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| Wheat | 0.2 | 0.2 | Iran: 1 China: 1 |
Iran: 1 China: 1 UK: 1 |
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| Roots and tubers | Potato | 0.1 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 2 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Iran: 1 Poland: 1 Serbia: 1 Slovakia: 1 |
Brazil: 1 China: 2 Croatia: 1 Iran: 1 Poland: 1 |
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| Other starchy roots and tubers: | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||
| Beetroot | Brazil: 1 Serbia: 1 |
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| Carrot | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 1 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Poland: 1 Serbia: 1 |
Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Poland: 1 Serbia: 1 |
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| Radish | China: 1 Iran: 1 |
Iran: 1 | |||||||
| Pulses, seeds and nuts |
Pulses | 0.1 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 2 Brazil: 1 Croatia: 1 Iran: 1 |
Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 1 Iran: 1 |
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| Milk | Milk | 0.02 | Bangladesh: 2 Ethiopia: 1 Hungary: 1 Mexico: 1 South Korea: 1 |
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| Eggs | Eggs | 0.1 | Australia: 1 Bangladesh: 1 India: 1 Thailand: 1 |
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| Fish and shellfish | Freshwater, diadromous and marine fish | 0.3 | Argelia: 1 Bangladesh: 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1 China: 1 Iran: 1 Italy: 1 Nigeria: 1 Turkey: 1 |
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| Mollusks | 2.0 | Iran: 1 | |||||||
| Cephalopods | 2.0 | ||||||||
| Tuna | 1.2 | Italia: 1 | |||||||
| Shark | 1.6 | Mexico: 1 | |||||||
| Meat | Red meat | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 China: 1 Kuwait: 1 Nigeria: 1 South Korea: 1 |
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| Poultry | 0.1 |
Bangladesh: 1 India: 1 South Korea: 1 Thailand: 1 |
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| Offal red meat | 0.2 | Kuwait: 1 Nigeria: 1 South Korea: 1 |
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| Offal poultry | 0.1 | Ghana: 1 Malaysia: 1 Tunisia: 1 South Korea: 1 |
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| Vegetables | Leafy vegetables | 0.3 | 0.2 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 2 China: 4 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Iran: 2 Portugal: 1 Serbia: 1 Spain: 1 |
Bangladesh: 1 China: 4 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Iran: 2 Serbia: 1 South Africa: 1 Spain: 1 |
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| Stalk and steem vegetables | 0.1 | China: 2 | |||||||
| Brassica vegetables | 0.1 | 0.05 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 6 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Serbia: 1 |
Brazil: 1 China: 6 Croatia: 1 Germany: 1 Serbia: 1 South Africa: 1 |
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| Bulb vegetables | 0.1 | 0.05 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 3 Croatia: 1 Iran: 2 |
Bnagladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 3 Croatia: 1 Ghana: 1 Iran: 3 South Africa: 1 |
|
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| Fruiting vegetables | 0.05 | 0.05 | Bangladesh: 2 Brazil: 2 China: 4 Germany: 1 Serbia: 1 Turkey: 1 |
Bangladesh: 3 Brazil: 2 China: 5 Germany: 1 Ghana: 1 Iran: 1 Serbia: 1 South Africa: 1 Turkey: 1 |
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| Legume vegetables | 0.1 | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 China: 2 Germany: 1 Iran: 1 |
Bangladesh: 1 China: 1 |
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| Fruits | Tropical fruits | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 3 Brazil: 1 China: 1 |
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| Stone fruits | 0.1 |
Bangladesh: 1 Germany: 1 |
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| Pome fruits | 0.1 | Bangladesh: 1 Brazil: 1 Germany: 1 |
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| Soft fruits (berries and other small fruits) | 0.1 | Brazil: 1 Germany: 1 |
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a Adapted from the FAO and WHO Global Individual Food Consumption data Tool (GIFT). b Adapted from the FAO and WHO General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. c According to the studies’ information that are included in this Scoping Review. NOTE: All reported means were converted to ppm (kg/g) to facilitate comparison. There are no established FAO/OMS Maximum Limits (MLs) for mercury (Hg) and aluminum (Al). Abbreviations: As: Arsenic; Pb: Lead; Cd: Cadmium; MeHg: Methylmercury.