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. 2022 Jul 8;14(14):2809. doi: 10.3390/nu14142809

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Tryptophan inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome to defend against inflammation. The mRNA expression of (A) IL-18; (B) IL-1β; and (C) NLRP3 in the liver (n = 5–6). The concentration of (D) IL-18 and (E) IL-1β in the liver as examined by ELISA analysis (n = 5–6); (F) The expression and quantification of NLRP3 and IL-1β in liver as determined by Western blotting. Values are normalized to β-actin levels and expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6); (G) Immunohistochemistry of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the liver (200 × magnification). The mean optical density of immunohistochemistry. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3); (H) The activity of LDH in primary hepatocytes (n = 3). Con, control; Thy, thymol. Differences were presented with different superscript letters (p < 0.05).