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A schematic diagram showing the potential beneficiary effects of probiotics on the gut. Probiotics beneficially manipulate the dysbiotic gut through different potential mechanisms that include inhibition of pathogens’ overgrowth, improving the gut barrier, production of short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters and modulation of the immune system. DC: dendritic cells; IL: interleukin; Th: T helper cell; T reg: T regulatory cell; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β.
