Table 1.
Overall Study Population Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics (n = 19,999).
| n (%) √ | Inpatient Admissions 2010–2020 a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall 19,999 (100) |
No 15,259 (76) |
Yes 4740 (24) |
90-Day Hospital Readmission b | ||||
| n = 4740 | |||||||
| No 4120 (87) |
Yes 620 (13) |
||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 53 (42–64) | 53 (42–63) | 54 (41–68) | * | 52 (41–67) | 62 (46–72) | * |
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 18–39 | 4097 (20.5) | 3128 (76.3) | 969 (23.7) | 877 (90.5) | 92 (9.5) | ||
| 40–49 | 4275 (21.4) | 3208 (75) | 1067 (25) | 976 (91.5) | 91 (8.5) | ||
| 50–64 | 6849 (34.2) | 5679 (82.9) | 1170 (17.1) | 1011 (86.4) | 159 (13.6) | ||
| 65 or above | 4778 (23.9) | 3244 (67.9) | 1534 (32.1) | 1256 (81.9) | 278 (18.1) | ||
| Gender | * | * | |||||
| Female | 12,852 (64.3) | 9324 (72.5) | 3528 (27.5) | 3106 (88) | 422 (12) | ||
| Male | 7147 (35.7) | 5935 (83) | 1212 (17) | 1014 (83.7) | 198 (16.3) | ||
| Race | * | * | |||||
| White | 13,961 (69.9) | 10,292 (73.7) | 3669 (26.3) | 3172 (86.5) | 497 (13.5) | ||
| Black/African American | 612 (3.1) | 437 (71.4) | 175 (28.6) | 131 (74.9) | 44 (25.1) | ||
| Asian | 1293 (6.5) | 1020 (78.9) | 273 (21.1) | 254 (93) | 19 (7) | ||
| American Indian/Alaska Native |
37 (0.2) | 28 (75.7) | 9 (24.3) | 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | ||
| Pacific Islander/Hawaiian Native |
18 (0.1) | 16 (88.9) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (100) | 0 (0) | ||
| Other | 3751 (18.8) | 3157 (84.2) | 594 (15.8) | 537 (90.4) | 57 (9.6) | ||
| Ethnicity | * | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 981 (4.9) | 758 (77.3) | 223 (22.7) | 196 (87.9) | 27 (12.1) | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 18,653 (93.4) | 14,159 (75.9) | 4494 (24.1) | 3902 (86.8) | 592 (13.2) | ||
| Marital status | * | * | |||||
| Unmarried | 5700 (28.5) | 4472 (78.5) | 1228 (21.5) | 1010 (82.2) | 218 (17.8) | ||
| Married | 14,123 (70.6) | 10,620 (75.2) | 3503 (24.8) | 3102 (88.6) | 401 (11.4) | ||
| Employment status | * | * | |||||
| Employed | 12,961 (64.8) | 10,309 (79.5) | 2652 (20.5) | 2405 (90.7) | 247 (9.3) | ||
| Unemployed | 6328 (31.6) | 4338 (68.6) | 1990 (31.4) | 1624 (81.6) | 366 (18.4) | ||
| Insurance status | * | * | |||||
| Commercial | 16,387 (81.9) | 12,851 (78.4) | 3536 (21.6) | 3144 (88.9) | 392 (11.1) | ||
| Government | 3425 (17.1) | 2244 (65.5) | 1181 (34.5) | 957 (81) | 224 (19) | ||
| Out-of-pocket (self-pay) | 187 (0.9) | 164 (87.7) | 23 (12.3) | 19 (82.6) | 4 (17.4) | ||
| Median Household income in relation to US median household income *** | |||||||
| Above 64,994 | 18,634 (93.3) | 14,198 (76.2) | 4436 (23.8) | 3849 (86.8) | 587 (13.2) | ||
| 64,994 or less | 1330 (6.7) | 1030 (77.4) | 300 (22.6) | 268 (89.3) | 32 (10.7) | ||
| BMI, median (range, 13.3–79.2) | 27.0 (23.7–31.2) | 26.8 (23.7–30.8) | 27.6 (23.9–32.3) | * | 27.5 (23.8–32.1) | 28.6 (24.3–33.5) | * |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| No | 17,854 (96.6) | 13,349 (74.8) | 4505 (25.2) | 3918 (87) | 587 (13) | ||
| Yes | 632 (3.4) | 478 (75.6) | 154 (24.4) | 127 (82.5) | 27 (17.5) | ||
| COVID Status | |||||||
| Yes | 176 (0.9) | 130 (73.9) | 46 (26.1) | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | ||
| Number of comorbidities **** | * | * | |||||
| 0 | 11,972 (64.8) | 9398 (78.5) | 2574 (21.5) | 2334 (90.7) | 240 (9.3) | ||
| 1 | 4170 (22.6) | 3074 (73.7) | 1096 (26.3) | 946 (86.3) | 150 (13.7) | ||
| 2 | 1197 (6.5) | 749 (62.6) | 448 (37.4) | 360 (80.4) | 88 (19.6) | ||
| 3 or more | 1147 (6.2) | 606 (52.8) | 541 (47.2) | 405 (74.9) | 136 (25.1) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Cancer | 225 (1.2) | 112 (49.8) | 113 (50.2) | * | 82 (72.6) | 31 (27.4) | * |
| COPD | 226 (1.2) | 99 (43.8) | 127 (56.2) | * | 92 (72.4) | 35 (27.6) | * |
| Diabetes | 1378 (7.5) | 851 (61.8) | 527 (38.2) | * | 412 (78.2) | 115 (21.8) | * |
| History of Diabetes | 1518 (8.2) | 930 (61.3) | 588 (38.7) | * | 461 (78.4) | 127 (21.6) | * |
| Myocardial Infarction | 129 (0.7) | 41 (31.8) | 88 (68.2) | * | 72 (81.8) | 16 (18.2) | |
| Heart Failure | 247 (1.3) | 91 (36.8) | 156 (63.2) | * | 101 (64.7) | 55 (35.3) | * |
| Hypertension | 4211 (22.7) | 2861 (67.9) | 1350 (32.1) | * | 1093 (81) | 257 (19) | * |
| PVD | 219 (1.2) | 97 (44.3) | 122 (55.7) | * | 96 (78.7) | 26 (21.3) | * |
| Asthma | 1745 (9.4) | 1195 (68.5) | 550 (31.5) | * | 456 (82.9) | 94 (17.1) | * |
| CVA | 547 (3) | 257 (47) | 290 (53) | * | 212 (73.1) | 78 (26.9) | * |
| CPIC medications prescribed within 30 days prior to inpatient admission (n = 4404) | 3801/4404 (86.3) | 603/4404 (13.7) | |||||
| 1 or more gene-x-drug interactions with 1 or more CPIC medications prescribed within 30 days prior to inpatient admission | * | ||||||
| Absent | 2874 (88.5) | 373 (11.5) | |||||
| Present | 1246 (83.5) | 247 (16.5) | |||||
| Number of CPIC medications prescribed within 30 days prior to inpatient admission | * | ||||||
| 1 | 777 (92.4) | 64 (7.6) | |||||
| 2 | 1749 (92) | 152 (8) | |||||
| 3 | 620 (83.6) | 122 (16.4) | |||||
| 4 | 390 (80.7) | 93 (19.3) | |||||
| 5 or more | 265 (60.6) | 172 (39.4) | |||||
a Inpatient hospital admissions between 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020 inclusive. b Readmissions within 90 days of inpatient admission discharge date between 1 January 2010 and inclusive of 90-day readmissions through 31 March 2021. * p-values less than 0.05. *** The newly released 2016–2020 ACS 5-year data shows that U.S. median household income increased to $64,994 when compared to the 2011–2015 ACS 5-year data adjusted for inflation. **** Comorbidities include Cancer, COPD, Diabetes, Diabetes PL/HX, Myocardial Infarction, Heart failure, Hypertension, PVD, Asthma, and CVA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). CPIC: Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (https://cpicpgx.org/, accessed on 18 June 2022). CPIC medications prescribed up to 30 days prior to inpatient admission date through date of hospital discharge in electronic health record between 1 December 2009 and 31 December 2020. Unknown/missing values not shown. √ Proportions presented in the table do not include missing values for the variable.