Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population by frailty status in longitudinal analysis.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 13,580) |
Robust (N = 7917) |
Pre-Frailty (N = 4583) |
Frailty (N = 1080) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 58.43 ± 9.54 | 56.53 ± 8.62 | 60.01 ± 9.61 | 65.65 ± 10.86 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, Male, n (%) | 6787 (49.98) | 3489 (44.07) | 2628 (57.34) * | 670 (62.04) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No formal education (Illiterate) | 3713 (27.34) | 1555 (19.64) | 1594 (34.78) * | 564 (52.22) *,† | |
| Elementary school | 5273 (38.83) | 2914 (36.81) | 1975 (43.09) * | 384 (35.56) *,† | |
| Junior high school or above | 4594 (33.83) | 3448 (43.55) | 1014 (22.13) * | 132 (12.22) *,† | |
| Married, n (%) | 11,002 (81.02) | 6586 (83.19) | 3639 (79.40) * | 777 (71.94) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Residence, rural, n (%) | 8322 (61.28) | 4355 (55.01) | 3166 (69.08) * | 801 (74.17) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) a | 4339 (32.14) | 2755 (35.08) | 1337 (29.25) * | 247 (23.00) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Drinker, n (%) | 4773 (35.15) | 3180 (40.17) | 1371 (29.91) * | 222 (20.56) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities a | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2917 (21.52) | 1468 (18.56) | 1113 (24.34) * | 336 (31.26) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 663 (4.89) | 323 (4.08) | 254 (5.56) * | 86 (8.01) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1033 (7.65) | 558 (7.07) | 381 (8.36) * | 94 (8.88) *,† | 0.0039 |
| History of medication use, n (%) a | |||||
| Antihypertensive medications | 2114 (15.60) | 1029 (13.02) | 817 (17.87) * | 268 (24.98) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Antidiabetic medications | 430 (3.17) | 196 (2.48) | 168 (3.68) * | 66 (6.16) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy | 470 (3.48) | 231 (2.93) | 185 (4.06) * | 54 (5.10) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Height, m (mean ± SD) | 1.58 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.08 | 1.57 ± 0.08 * | 1.54 ± 0.09 *,† | <0.0001 |
| Weight, kg (mean ± SD) | 58.46 ± 11.67 | 60.26 ± 11.63 | 56.70 ± 11.18 * | 53.78 ± 11.67 *,† | <0.0001 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 (mean ± SD) a | 23.30 ± 3.86 | 23.58 ± 3.79 | 23.03 ± 3.92 * | 22.56 ± 3.95 *,† | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mean ± SD) a | 129.00 ± 21.13 | 128.43 ± 20.26 | 128.94 ± 21.64 | 133.01 ± 24.02 *,† | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mean ± SD) a | 76.67 ± 12.78 | 77.16 ± 12.74 | 75.85 ± 12.67 * | 77.01 ± 13.31 | <0.0001 |
| Biomarkers b,c | |||||
| FBG, mg/dL | 102.24 (94.32, 112.86) | 102.24 (94.32, 113.04) | 101.70 (93.78, 112.14) | 102.60 (94.68, 116.10) † | 0.0174 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.1 (4.9, 5.4) | 5.1 (4.9, 5.4) | 5.1 (4.9, 5.4) | 5.2 (4.9, 5.5) | 0.0093 |
| TC mg/dL | 192.63 ± 37.73 | 192.54 ± 38.11 | 193.16 ± 37.03 | 190.98 ± 38.06 | 0.3595 |
| TG, mg/dL | 104.43 (74.34, 152.22) | 104.43 (74.34, 153.88) | 103.55 (74.34, 147.80) | 106.20 (77.00, 157.53) | 0.2979 |
| LDL-c, mg/dL | 115.88 ± 34.62 | 115.88 ± 35.107 | 116.38 ± 34.06 | 113.38 ± 33.87 | 0.1055 |
| HDL-c, mg/dL | 51.43 ± 15.32 | 50.76 ± 15.09 | 52.45 ± 15.38 * | 51.61 ± 16.36 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 90.16 (71.50, 102.34) | 91.88 (75.45, 103.68) | 88.40 (68.67, 101.11) * | 84.28 (61.33, 98.44) *,† | <0.0001 |
| Frailty index, mean (IQR) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.15) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.19) * | 0.32 (0.28, 0.39) *,† | <0.0001 |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides. LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. a Missing data: 81 for smoking status, 24 for hypertension, 29 for diabetes mellitus, 74 for dyslipidemia, 28 for hypertension medications, 31 for diabetes medications, 77 for lipid-lowering therapy, 2779 for BMI, 2721 for SBP, 2694 for DBP. b Measured in subpopulation of 8971 participants. c Data shown as median (IQR) or mean ± SD. * Different from the robust. † Different from the pre-frailty.