Figure 2.

TE-regulated mechanisms of action in the host cells. (1) Cis-regulatory mechanisms involving (A) promoter and (B) enhancer, integrate the activity of specific transcription factor; (C) insulator, act either through enhancer-blocking activity or chromatin barrier activity; (D) silencer, silence the expression of genes. (2) Retrotransposon mechanism can increase the potential of transcription binding factor. (orange arrowhead indicates increased activity, blue cross indicates silencing of activity, circle with single cross indicates insulation of gene activity, grey arrow indicates direction of action).