Table 1.
Traditional uses of E. neriifolia.
| Disease | Traditional Background | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Whole plant | ||
| Respiratory stimulant, arthritis, local anesthetic, paronychia, antibacterial, antiviral, and interferolick | Unani medicine | [31] |
| Exerts “Katu” and “Tikta” action | Caraka Samhita | [50] |
| Exerts “Virya” properties with “Usna” action | Susruta Samhita | [50] |
| Gives “Guna”, “Vipaka”, and “Karma” properties | Vagbhata Geeta | [50] |
| Deep cracks in feet soles | Used with castor oil by locals of Chhattisgarh | [46] |
| Insecticide | Used as a spray by local farmers in India | [46] |
| As a fence full of spines | Used by local farmers in India | [46] |
| Allelopathic effect in weed control | Used by local farmers in India | [46] |
| Latex | ||
| Used in aphrodisiac mixture | Chhattisgarh region of India | [33] |
| Earache | Malay | [33] |
| Obstinate skin disease, urinary disorders, and diabetes | Shusruta | [33] |
| Coughs, skin problems | Used in Rajputana | [31] |
| Piles | Used with turmeric in Indian medicine | [26] |
| Ophthalmic use | Indian Medicine | [26] |
| Cathartic, earache | Used by Indian Vaidya | [43] |
| Whooping cough, leprosy, dyspepsia, jaundice, dropsy, colic, enlarged liver, and spleen | Used with salt by Indian Vaidya | [43] |
| Removes warts | Used by Indian Vaidya | [43] |
| External application for rheumatic limbs | Used with margosa oil or neem oil by Indian Vaidya | [43] |
| Prevents the attack of red weevils in palms | Gujarat | [43] |
| Anal fistulae | Indian medicine | [51] |
| Asthma | Ayurveda | [43] |
| Syphilis, visceral obstruction, spleen, and liver enlargement | Used with ghee in Rural area in India | [43] |
| Leaves | ||
| Ear problems | Sarawak | [33] |
| Wound healing, CNS problems, and immunomodulatory effects | Used in Malaya | [49] |
| Bronchitis, bleeding piles | Indian traditional medicine | [39] |
| Earache | Used in Malaya and Philippines | [40] |
| Wound-healing | The steamed leaves used in Indian medicine | [35] |
| Respiratory trouble in children | Used with common salt an honey in localised areas in India | [46] |
| Stem | ||
| Deroots skin warts | Indian traditional medicine | [42] |
| Coughs and colds | Used with honey in Indian traditional medicine | [42] |
| Chronic respiratory problems | Used with black pepper locally in India | [46] |
| Promotes the expectoration of phlegm | Used with honey and borax by Indian Vaidya | [43] |
| Hydrophobia | Used with fresh ginger by Indian Vaidya | [43] |
| Roots | ||
| Antispasmodic activity | Used in Indian medicine | [43] |
| Snake bites, scorpion stings | Used with black pepper in Indian medicine | [26] |
| Dropsy | Used after boiling with rice water by Indian Vaidya | [43] |