Table 2.
Name of the Compound | Structure | Plant Part | Pharmacological Activities | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibacterial Activity | Antifungal Activity | Antiviral Activity | Antiparasitic Activity | ||||
Quercetin | Leaves | Potent bacteriostatic activity against P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, H. pylori, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Y. enterocolitica, M. luteus, C. jejuni, and E. coli. |
- Inhibits C. albicans - Acted as adjuvant for amphotericin B against C. neoformans at 0.25–0.125 μg/mL |
- Inhibitory percentage is 82% at a 200 µM concentration - Binds with SARS-CoV 3CLpro protease - Active against human T-Lymphotropic virus 1, Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus type-2, and hepatitis C virus. |
Exerts potential antiparasitic activities against Toxoplasma, Babesia, Theileria, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania. |
[61,62,63] | |
Rutin | Leaves | Active against E. coli, P. vulgaris, S. sonnei, P. auruginosa, B. subtilis and Klebsiella sp. | - Inhibits C. gattii with a MIC value of 60 µg/mL. - Acted as adjuvant for amphotericin B against C. neoformans at 0.0625 μg/mL |
- Useful for treating retroviruses, herpes viruses, orthomyxoviruses, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C - Effective against avian influenza, strain H5N1 |
Demonstrates antimycobacterialactivity against Mycobacterium smegmatis |
[61,64,65] | |
3β-friedelanol | Leaves | Not found | Not found | - Greater anti-HCoV activity than positive control actinomycin D with 132.4% survival rate - Inhibts hepatitis B virus (HBV) by inhibiting HBeAg secretion |
Not found | [48,66] | |
3β-acetoxy friedelane | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Anti-HCoV activity with 80.9% survival rate | Not found | [67] | |
Friedelin | Leaves | Active against S. faecalis, S. aureus, B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. stearothermophilus, B. subtilis | Active against C. albicans (MIC = 2.44 μg/mL) | Anti-HCoV activity with 80.9% survival rate | Not found | [66,68] | |
Lupenone | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Against herpes simplex virus | Not found | [69] | |
Epitaraxerol | Leaves | Inhibits A. niger, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, T.
mentagrophytes. |
Inhibits C. albicans | Anti-HCoV activity with 111.0% survival rate | Not found | [69] | |
Epitaraxeryl acetate | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Antivirus activity against Epistein–Barr virus. | Not found | [70] | |
Taraxeryl acetate | Leaves | MIC for E. coli is 78 µg/mL, B. cereus 156 µg/mL, S. faecalis 78µg/mL | MIC for C. albicans is 156 µg/mL, M. audouinii 78 µg/mL | Not found | Not found | [52] | |
β-amyrin | Leaves | Contribute in the antibacterial activity of E. neriifolia plant |
Inhibits the growth of Candida spp. | Inhibits Peste des Petits Ruminants virus. Exerts virucidal potential | Not found | [52,71] | |
3β-simiarenol | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Anti-HCoV activity | Not found | [72] | |
Cycloartenol | Leaves, Roots, and Latex | Not found | Not found | Inhibits the migration of glioma cells and inhibits the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase. | Not found | [73] | |
Cycloeucalenol | Leaves | Inhibits P. aeruginosa (ZOI 24 mm) | Not found | Not found | Not found | [74] | |
Afzelin | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Binds with the SARS-CoV 3CLpro protease and inhibits viral replication | Not found | [75] | |
Euphonerin A | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Anti-HIV | Not found | [76] | |
Euphonerin B | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Anti-HIV | Not found | [76] | |
Euphonerin C | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Anti-HIV | Not found | [76] | |
Euphonerin D | Leaves | Not found | Not found | Anti-HIV activity with EC50 of 34 µM | Not found | [76] | |
Lectin | Latex | Active against E. coli, S. dysenteriae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and Klebsiella sp. |
Active against A. flavus, T. viride, F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, C. comatus, R. olani, P. digitatum, A. alternata, and V. mali. |
- Anti-HIV activity - exerts Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by attaching with viral spike protein |
Not found | [57,77,78,79,80] | |
Pachypodol (5,40-dihydroxy-3,7,30-trimethoxyflavone) | Leaves | Active against B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa | Good activity against C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. galabrata | Not found | Not found | [76] | |
Taraxerol | Leaves and Stem | Exerted inhibition on E. coli in vitro with MIC value of 1.20 mg/mL |
Not found | Antivirus activity against Epistein–Barr virus. | Not found | [76,77] | |
24-Methylenecycloarenol | Root and Bark | Not found | Not found | Interacts with binding site residues that are known to interfere with the activity of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 | Not found | [25] | |
Ingenol triacetate | Root | Not found | Not found | Prevent HIV replication in MT-4 cells at 0.051–0.65 µM | Not found | [25] | |
12-Deoxyphorbol-13,20-diacetate | Root | Not found | Not found | Causes HIV-1 expression in latently infected T-cell and increases sensitivity to killing through immunotoxins. | Not found | [25] | |
Tulipanin | Bark and Root | Active against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and B. subtilis | Not found | Not found | Not found | [25] | |
n-hexacosanol | CH3(CH2)24CH2OH | Bark | Hexacosanol compounds exerted significant activities against M. smegmatis, S. faecium, L. monocytogenes, C. albicans, D. kl oackeri, and R. rubra | [81] | |||
Wax, Resin, Caoutchouc, Gum | Bark and Latex | Wax, resin, gum, and caoutchouc from different origins exert various pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities | [65,82] |