Table 5.

Viral and associated IHC markers.

Virus Type	Tumor Type in Renal Allograft	IHC Viral Marker	IHC Associated Markers	References
BKPyV	RCC—collecting duct carcinoma	SV40	PAX8, E-cadherin, CK7, INI1, CA9, vimentin, CK20, GATA3, p504S	Dao M et al., 2018 [80]
	RCC	SV40	Pankeratin, CK7, vimentin, EMA, CK20, S100, HMB45, CD45	Narayanan M et al., 2007 [18]
	RCC	SV40	p53	Singh G et al., 2019 [65]
	Bladder adenocarcinoma UCa	SV40	PAX8, CK7, p53, p16	Odetola OE et al., 2018 [24]
EBV	RCC	EBV LMP-1; EBNA-2; BZLF1	CD79a, CD3, CD68, CD56, CD21, VS38	Kim KH et al., 2005 [35]
	RCC		p53, p16, Ki-67, NF-κB	Farhadi A, 2022 [36]
HCV	RCC	NS3, NS5A	p53, p21	Ahmed et al., 2016 [81]
HPV	RCC	HPLV1 capsid protein	p16	Farhadi A et al., 2014 [79]
	RCC		PCNA, p53 CM-1, p53 DO-7	Kamel D et al., 1994 [82]
HHV-8	Kaposi sarcoma	HHV8	CD34, CD8, CD19, CD69	Dudderidge TJ et al., 2007 [83]