Table 1.
New therapeutic approaches targeting KRAS-Induced Cell Death Resistance.
| Target/Biomarkers | Therapies | Impact on Cell Death Processes |
|---|---|---|
| KRASG12C mutation | KRASG12C inhibitors (ARS-853, ARS-1620, AMG-510 and MRTX849) [32,123,125,137] | Apoptosis Induction |
| MEK and PI3K | MEK inhibitor (AZD6244) with PI3K inhibitor (BKM120 or GDC0941) [139] | Apoptosis Induction |
| MEK | MEK inhibitor (trametinib) with Chemotherapy (nab-paclitaxel) [140] | Apoptosis Induction |
| PI3K/mTOR | Dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor (NVP-BEZ235) [141,142] |
Apoptosis Induction |
| RAF/ERK | pan-RAFi with an ERK-selective inhibitor [143] | Apoptosis Induction |
| mTOR and BCL-XL/BCL-2 | mTOR inhibitor (AZD8055) with the dual BCL-XL/BCL-2 inhibitor, (ABT-263) [144] | Apoptosis Induction |
| MEK | Autophagy inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine) with MEK inhibitor (trametinib) [138,145] | Autophagy Inhibition |
| MEK | Autophagy inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine) with MEK inhibitor (binimetinib) [145,146] | Autophagy Inhibition |
| ERK | Autophagy inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine) with ERK inhibitor (ulixertinib) [145,146] | Autophagy Inhibition |
| Mutated KRAS | Autophagy inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine) with KRAS inhibitor (gemcitabine) [145,146] | Autophagy Inhibition |
| PD-1/PD-L1 | Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies [125,133,150,151,152] | Autophagy Induction |