Table 1.

Summary on the effect sizes of groups difference in various outcomes of computerized tests.

	MCI vs. Control		Dementia vs. Control		CI vs. Control
	g Range	Most Sensitive Digital Biomarkers	g Range	Most Sensitive Digital Biomarkers	g Range	Most Sensitive Digital Biomarkers
Memory test	0.7–1.6	MITSI-L (PAL correct pairs A2 and B2); Associative memory tasks (word-word) accuracy; CANTAB-PAL total erros adjusted	2.5–4.9	CANTAB-PAL total errors adjusted The Placing Test	-	-
Test battery	0.1–2.9	CANTAB (paired associate learning, rapid visual processing, spatial recognition memory); MoCA-CC (total score, delayed recall, attention); CogState (learning/working memory composite) total score	0.3–7.2	CANTAB (paired association learning); NeuroTrax Mindstreams (verbal memory accuracy); Inbrain CST (memory score)	0.2–2.1	BHA (“Favorite (memory)” total correct); CDST (“memory impairment screen” score; “spatial span test” total span); CoCoSc total score; CompBased-CAT total z-score; BoCA (attention score, total score)
Handwriting/ drawing tasks	0.1–2.1	dCDT (time on surface, time in air, total time); Chinese handwriting task (stroke position control, stroke length, stroke orientation, ratio of in air to on paper trajectory length)	0.2–2.4	Chinese Handwriting task (stroke position control, pause time per stroke, stroke orientation); dCDT (total completion time, time in air, minute hand distance from center in command trial, hour hand distance from center in copy trial)	-	-
Daily living task and Serious game	0.1–1.3	Computer-based Klondike Solitaire (average think time, average accuracy, total time SD); SIMBAC (total completion time); Computerized Touch-Panel Games (“flipping cards” completion time)	0.8–2.9	SIMBAC (total accuracy, total completion time); Computerized Touch-Panel Games (“arranging pictures (processing and remote memory)” completion time; “beating devils (judgment)” accuracy; “flipping cards (recent memory)” completion time; “finding mistakes (attention and discrimination)” completion time)	0.7–1.2	CFSAT accuracy (“Ugreens website”, “Internet banking”, “medication management”, “ATM task”, “Ticket task”)
Other single/multiple cognitive tests	0.7–1.2	correct cancellations in e-CT; inspection Time (IT) test score; dTMT-B&W-A completion time	0.9–3.1	Computerized SRT task and FRT score adjusted for age and education; Correct cancellation in e-CT	1.0–2.0	TMT (total score, total completion time, total response time)

Abbreviations. BHA: Brain Health Assessment; BoCA: Boston Cognitive Assessment; CANTAB: Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; CDST: Computerized Dementia Screening Test; CFSAT: Computer-based functional skills assessment and training; CoCoSc: Computerized Cognitive Screen; CompBased-CAT: CompBased administered by Computerized Adaptive Testing; dCDT: digital Clock Drawing Test; dTMT-B&W-A: digital Trail-Making Test—Black and White—Part A; e-CT: electronic version of Cancellation Test; FRT: Flanker Reaction Time; Inbrain CST: Inbrain Cognitive Screening Test; MITSI-L: The Miami Test of Semantic Interference; PAL: Paired Associate Learning; SIMBAC: SIMulation-Based Assessment of Cognition; SRT: Simple Reaction Time; TMT: Trail-Making Test; MoCA-CC: Computerized Tool for Beijing version of The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).