Table 3.
Time series analysis of COVID-19 vaccination incentive policies and interaction effects between COVID-19 vaccination incentive policies and socioeconomic factors.
| Random Effects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables (DV = County Level COVID-19 Vaccination Rate) | (1) Pooled OLS |
(2) Initial |
(3) Per Capita Income |
(4) Percentage of Adults with a Bachelor’s Degree |
(5) Unemployment Rate 2020 |
(6) Percentage of BIPOC |
| Bonus incentive policies | 2.230 *** | 2.281 *** | −0.798 | 0.764 | 1.101 | 1.641 *** |
| Lottery incentive policies | 1.343 *** | 1.376 *** | 1.497 | 1.284 * | 3.310 *** | −0.116 |
| Slowly expanded the ACIP VRS | 0.324 | 0.300 | 0.257 | 0.298 | 0.349 | −1.385 |
| Quickly expanded the ACIP VRS | −1.084 *** | −1.078 *** | −1.068 *** | −1.062 *** | −1.168 *** | −0.986 *** |
| Number of nurse practitioners | 0.00279 *** | 0.00279 *** | 0.00277 *** | 0.00276 *** | 0.00297 *** | 0.00196 ** |
| Unemployment rates | −0.0160 | −0.0169 | −0.0287 | −0.0245 | 0.0696 | 0.0251 |
| Per capita income | 0.000159 *** | 0.000159 *** | 0.000146 *** | 0.000156 *** | 0.000159 *** | 0.000144 *** |
| Percentage of adults with bachelor’s degrees | −0.0153 | −0.0155 | −0.0154 | −0.0247 | −0.0165 | −0.0121 |
| Rate of BIPOC | −15.04 *** | −15.04 *** | −15.01 *** | −15.13 *** | −15.38 *** | −18.23 *** |
| Percentage of people aged 65 and above | 17.73 *** | 17.73 *** | 17.87 *** | 17.81 *** | 17.60 *** | 16.89 *** |
| Biden support rate | 19.66 *** | 19.67 *** | 19.71 *** | 19.79 *** | 19.59 *** | 19.63 *** |
| Bonus × Per capita income | 0.000120 * | |||||
| Lottery × Per capita income | −0.0000001 | |||||
| Bonus × Percentage of adults with a bachelor’s degree | 0.0691 * | |||||
| Lottery × Percentage of adults with a bachelor’s degree | 0.00465 | |||||
| Bonus × Unemployment rates | 0.173 | |||||
| Lottery × Unemployment rates | −0.270 * | |||||
| Bonus × Rate of BIPOC populations | 4.168 * | |||||
| Lottery × Rate of BIPOC populations | 10.44 *** | |||||
| Constant | −4.363 *** | −4.418 *** | −4.063 *** | −4.147 *** | −4.790 *** | −3.663 *** |
| Observations | 19,992 | 19,992 | 19,992 | 19,992 | 19,992 | 19,992 |
| R2 | 0.604 | |||||
| R2—within | 0.667 | 0.667 | 0.667 | 0.667 | 0.667 | |
| R2—between | 0.261 | 0.263 | 0.262 | 0.264 | 0.273 | |
| R2—overall | 0.604 | 0.604 | 0.604 | 0.604 | 0.606 | |
| Number of counties | 2856 | 2856 | 2856 | 2856 | 2856 | |
Note: *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. ACIP = CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; VRS = vaccine recommendations and schedules; BIPOC = Black, Indigenous, and people of color.