Table 2.

Some South American plants and their compounds with anti-neoplastic activity.

Plant	Active Compounds	Effects	References
Achyrocline satureioides	Achyrobichalcone, 3-O-methylquercetin, and other flavonoids	In vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells; inhibition of c-MYC and ERK/JNK in glioma cell lines.	[82,131]
Aloysia polystachya	Flavonoids	In vitro apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, and a decrease in the percentage of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In vivo inhibition of tumor growth in non-toxic doses.	[132]
Azorella glabra	Mulinic acid, azorellane terpenoids	G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in AML cell lines. A slight decrease in the survival of non-tumor cells	[133]
Ephedra chilensis	Terpens and fatty acids	IC50 of non-polar extracts for one breast cancer and three colon cell lines was at the level of doxorubicin; in vitro cytotoxicity for normal colon epithelium cells was less than doxorubicin.	[134]
Croton lechleri	Taspine	Leaf extracts exhibited cytotoxic antiproliferative effects on HeLa and SK23 cells in vitro, and antitumor effects in mice in vivo; moderate toxicity to mice.	[135,136]
Laetia corymbulosa	Corymbulosins B, C, D, E, F, G	Bark extract exhibited cytotoxicity to panel of cancer cells.	[137]
Lepidium meyenii	macamide and macaene fractions	Macadamine displayed anticancer activities against multiple cancer cell lines.	[138]
Leptocarpha rivularis	Leptocarpin	Cytotoxic effects against several cancer cell lines.	[139]
Passiflora alata	Flavonoids and saponins	In vitro cytotoxicity against the set of cancer cell lines, and in vivo antitumor activity against sarcoma S180-bearing mice with low general toxicity.	[140]
Thevetia peruviana	Thevetiaflavone, and individual cardiac glycosides	Fruit extract exhibited cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in cancer cell lines with moderate toxicity to non-tumor cells.	[141]