Table 4.

Some European plants and their compounds with anti-neoplastic activity.

Plant	Biologically Active Compounds	Effects	References
Allium sativum	Allicin, alliin, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, Z-ajoene, S-allyl cysteine, S-propargyl-l-cysteine, S-allyl cysteine	Multiple anticancer effects and known molecular mechanisms of both crude extracts and individual compounds. Suppression of angiogenesis and migration in vivo.	[314]
Arctium lappa	Arctigenin, lappaol F, stigmasterol ß-sitosterol	Suppression of growth, invasion, and migration of cancer cell lines. Inhibition of hippo-signaling pathway. Reduction in tumor growth in vivo.	[315,316,317]
Centaurea solstitialis	Solstitialin A	Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in a panel of cancer cell models	[276,318]
Ebenus boissieri		Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in human breast, cervical, and lung cancer cell lines. Induction of TNF-α expression.	[319,320,321]
Rosmarinus officinalis	Carnosol, carnosic acid, sageone, rosmarinic acid	Multiple antineoplastic effects in vitro and in vivo with known molecular mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation.	[322]
Menyanthes trifoliata	Betulinic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid	Cell cycle G2/M arrest and apoptosis in grade IV glioma. No toxicity to normal human astrocytes.	[323]
Vitis vinifera	Viniferin, resveratrol	Multiple anticancirogenic and antineoplastic effects with known molecular mechanisms.	[324,325]
Viscum album	Iscodor, helixor A, lectins (ML-I, ML-II, and ML-III), viscotoxins, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds	Cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo. Immunomodulatory activity and reduction in cancer-related fatigue in clinical studies. Helixor A and Iscador are used in Europe as adjuvants in cancer therapy.	[326,327]