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. 2022 Jul 18;11(14):2229. doi: 10.3390/cells11142229

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The role of EVs and inflammation in heart failure. Interaction between cardiomyocytes (CM), macrophages (Mϕ), and fibroblasts (FB) through EVs in the pathogenesis of heart failure.