Table 1.
The estimated zoonotic origins of the four species of human seasonal coronaviruses inferred from BEAST Markov Jumps (MJs) for whole genomes and the envelope, membrane, nucleocapsid, and spike ORFs. For 229E and OC43, we included the percentage of MJs of the presumptive ancestors, other potential ancestors with a percentage higher than the presumptive ancestor, or CoVs whose cumulative percentage of MJs were ≥70%.
| Genus | Species | WGS/ORF | Zoonotic Origins of the Human Coronavirus {% Markov Jumps} |
|---|---|---|---|
| alphaCoVs | 229E | WGS | Bat {65} Camelid {34} |
| Spike | Bat {73} Camelid {27} | ||
| Nucleocapsid | Bat {99} | ||
| Membrane | Bat {98} | ||
| Envelope | Bat {99} | ||
| NL63 | WGS | Bat {97} | |
| Spike | Bat {99} | ||
| Nucleocapsid | Bat {95} | ||
| Membrane | Bat {97} | ||
| Envelope | Bat {98} | ||
| betaCoVs | HKU1 | WGS | Murine {83} |
| Spike | Murine {92} | ||
| Nucleocapsid | Murine {72} | ||
| Membrane | Murine {78} | ||
| Envelope | Murine {71} | ||
| OC43 | WGS | Bovine {36} Murine {34} Rabbit {10} Canine {9} |
|
| Spike | Bovine {35} Murine {19} Camel {14} Rabbit {14} Canine {8} Equine {5} |
||
| Nucleocapsid | Porcine {25} Bovine {23} Murine {18} Rabbit {15} Equine {10} |
||
| Membrane | Camel {75} Murine {6} Rabbit {3} Porcine {3} Equine {2} Bovine {2} Bat {2} |
||
| Envelope | Murine {30} Porcine {24} Bovine {20} Equine {8} Rabbit {6} Camel {3} |